drugs Flashcards
1
Q
what are the seven classes of drugs
A
sedative hypnotics and antianxiety drugs
antipsychotic agents
antidepressants
mood stabilizers
narcotic analgesics
psychomotor stimulants
psychedelics and hallucinogens
(sleepy psychotic depressed monkeys narc motors to hallucinate)
2
Q
sedative hypnotic and antianxiety agent examples
A
barbiturates
benzodizepines
3
Q
examples of antipsychotic agents
A
phenothiazines: chlorpromazine
butyrophenones: halperidol
4
Q
examples of antidepressants
A
monoamine oxydase (MAO) inhibitors
tricyclicantidepressants; imipramine (tofranil)
atypical antidepressants; fluxetine (prozac)
5
Q
examples of mood stabalizers
A
lithium
6
Q
examples of narcotic analgesics
A
morphine, codeine, heroin
7
Q
psychomotor stimulant examples
A
cocaine, amphetamine, caffiene, nicotine
8
Q
psychedelics and hallucinogens
A
anticholindergics: atropine
noradrenergics:mescaline
serotonergics:LSD/psylocybin
tetrahydrocannabiinol- marijuana
9
Q
I
A
sedative hypnotics and antianxiety agents
10
Q
II
A
antipsychotic agents
11
Q
III
A
antidepressants
12
Q
IV
A
mood stabalizers
13
Q
V
A
narcotic analgesics
14
Q
VI
A
psychomotor stimulants
15
Q
VII
A
psychedelics and hallucionogens
16
Q
what are the four types of neurotransmitters
A
amino acids
amines
peptides
gases
17
Q
the amino acid NTs
A
glutamate (glu)
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
18
Q
what substance affects glutamate
A
PCP
19
Q
what are problems associated with glutamate imbalance?
A
brain damage after stroke
20
Q
what are issues associated with gaba imbalance?
A
anxiety and epilepsy
21
Q
what substances affect gaba
A
barbituates, tranqulizers, alcohol
22
Q
what are amino acids made of?
A
amine and carbarboxylic acid
-NH2 and -COOH
23
Q
what neurotransmitters are amines?
A
dopamine
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
serotonin
24
Q
what is dopamine used for other than pleasure and reward?
A
used my CNS neurons in voluntary movement
25
imbalances with dopamine
parkinson's and schizophrenia
26
substances that affect dopamine
codine, amphetamines, ritalin, alcohol
27
what is acetylcholine used for?
primary transmitter used by motor neurons
involved with learning and memory
28
imbalance from acetylcholine
certain muscular disorders and alzhemers
29
substances that affect acetylcholine
nicotine, botulism toxin, atropine,
30
what is the function of norepinephrine
controls heart rate, sleep, sexual responsiveness, stress, vigilance and appetite
31
imbalances of norepinephrine can cause
high blood pressure and depression
32
substances that affect norepinephrine
tricyclic antidepressants, betablockers
33
what are the main functions of serotonin?
regulates sleep, dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite and sexual behavior
34
imbalance with serotonin can cause
depression, certain anxiety disorders, OCD
35
substances that affect serotonin
SSRI, prozac, hallucinogenics
36
peptide neurotransmitters
endorphins and substance p
37
what is the main function of endorphins?
pleasurable sensations and pain control
38
imbalances of endorphins
lowered levels from opioid addiction
39
substances that affect endorphins
opiates, opium, heroin, morphine, methadone
40
what is the function of substance p
perception of pain
41
ACh antagonist
atropine derived from belladona plants
uses muscarinic receptors
42
ACh agonist
nicotine and muscarine
nicotine works on nicotine receptors in skeletal muscle
muscarine works on muscarine receptors in heart
43
pick a poison
tetrodotoxin
found in pufferfish
it blocks Na+ channels..its an antagonist
44
what are the catecholamine NTs?
they are a subgroup of amine NTs
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
45
what is the order of enzymes for catecholamine
tyrosine
L dopa
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine
46
dopamine agonist
amphetamine and cocaine
they block reuptake of dopamine. amphetamine promotes release of dopamine
47
dopamine antagonist
chlorpromazine (thorazine)
occupies dopamine site on D2 receptors
prevents reuptake of DA
48
what % of people fail to respond to antidepressants
20%
49
serotonin agonist
SSRI
blocks transporter protein so serotonin stays in synaptic cleft longer
50
glutamate antagonist
katamine
nmda receptors
51
norephinephrine antagonist
propranolol
B receptors
52
norepinephrine agonist
isoproterenol
B receptors
53
what system does ACh use
cholinergic
54
what is the purpose of the cholinergic system
active in maintaining waking electroencephalographic pattern in cortex
role in memory through neuron excitability
death of cholinergic neurons and decrease in ACH in the neocortex are thought to be related
55
what is mesolimbic pathways (dopaminergic system)
dopamine releases feelings of reward and pleasure
thought to be the NT system most affected by drugs
increase in DA may be related to schitzophrenia
56
what is nigrostriatal pathways
maintains normal motor behavior
loss of DA is related to parkensons
57
what is botulinum toxin?
a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum (food poisoning)
prevents release of ACH from neuromuscular junction
58
what is the noradrenergic system
it uses norepinephrine
active in maintaining emotional tone
decreases NE are thought to be related to depression
increases in NE are thought to be related to mania
59
the serotonergic system is used for
maintaining waking electroencephalography
changes in serotonin activity are related to OCD, tics and schitzophrenia
abnormalities in brainstem of 5-HT neurons are linked to disorders such as sleep apnea an SIDS
60
what kinds of drugs can be taken without food
covalent bond (eg lipids)
61
what kinds of drugs should be taken with food
polar bonded drugs (eg acids)
62
what does lithium do?
since it has a smaller diameter, it can easily displace K+ and Na+ occupying their sites in several critical neuronal enzymes and NT receptors (especially glutamate)
63
how does caffeine work
increases glucose production within cells, which makes more energy available and allows for higher rates of cellular activity
its an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (inhibitss the enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine)
64
what are the four main types of psychedelics
acetylcholine psychedelics
norepinephrine psychedelics
tetrahydrocannabinol
serotonin psychedelics
65
ACh psychedelic
atropine, extracted from atropa belladonna, jimson weed, mandrake and other plants of the family solanaceae
66
NE psychedelics
peyote/mescaline
67
how does THC have analgesic effects?
it alters transmitter release on dorsal root ganglion of the spinal chord
also in periaqueductal gray
68
where does LSD grow
typically on rhy. its a grain fungus
69
anatomical references
mapping system to figure where you are in the brain
70
up-down
dorsal-ventral
71
nose-tail
anterior or rostral-posterior or caudal
72
midline
middle of body
73
what is medial
toward midline
74
what is lateral
toward sides of body
75
three cuts made to brain
midsagittal
horizontal
coronal
76
cortex
any collection of neurons that forms a thin sheet
77
nucleus
distinguishable mass of neurons
latin for "nut"
78
substantia
group of neurons deep in brain but usually with less distinctive borders than those of nuclei
79
locus
well defined group of cells
80
ganglion
a collection of neurons in the PNS
81
only thing named with ganglion in CNS
basal ganglia (structures lying deep within the cerebrum and control movelent)
82
nerve
a bundle of axons in the PNS
83
what is the only thing called a nerve in the CNS
optic nerve
84
tract
a collection of CNS axons having a common site of origin and a common destination
85
bundle
a collection of axons that run together but do not necessarily have the same origin and destination
86
capsule
a collection of neurons that conect the cerebrum with the brain stem
87
commissure
any collection of axons that connect one side of the brain with the other side
88
lemniscus
a tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon
89
fight or flight (stimulatory)
sympathetic nervous system
90
rest and digest (inhibitory)
parasympathetic nervous system
91
what is in the somatic nervous system
spinal nerves
92
what are the four sets of nerves
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
93
olfactory nerve
smell
94
optic nerve
vision
95
oculomotor nerve
eye movement
96
trochlear nerve
eye movement
97
trigeminal nerve
masicatory movements and facial sensation
98
abducens nerve
eye movement
99
facial nerve
facial movement and sensation
100
auditory vestibular nerve
hearing and balance
101
glossopharyngeal nerve
tongue and pharnyx movement
102
vagus nerve
heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx
103
spinal accessory nerve
neck muscles
104
hypoglossal nerve
tongue muscle
105
fast synapse
ionotropic action
106
slow synapse
metabotropic action
107
steps of metabotropic action
transmitter binds to receptor
activates internal second messenger
second messenger receptor gets activated
gates open
