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Neuroscience > drugs > Flashcards

drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the seven classes of drugs

A

sedative hypnotics and antianxiety drugs

antipsychotic agents

antidepressants

mood stabilizers

narcotic analgesics

psychomotor stimulants

psychedelics and hallucinogens

(sleepy psychotic depressed monkeys narc motors to hallucinate)

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2
Q

sedative hypnotic and antianxiety agent examples

A

barbiturates

benzodizepines

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3
Q

examples of antipsychotic agents

A

phenothiazines: chlorpromazine
butyrophenones: halperidol

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4
Q

examples of antidepressants

A

monoamine oxydase (MAO) inhibitors

tricyclicantidepressants; imipramine (tofranil)

atypical antidepressants; fluxetine (prozac)

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5
Q

examples of mood stabalizers

A

lithium

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6
Q

examples of narcotic analgesics

A

morphine, codeine, heroin

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7
Q

psychomotor stimulant examples

A

cocaine, amphetamine, caffiene, nicotine

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8
Q

psychedelics and hallucinogens

A

anticholindergics: atropine
noradrenergics:mescaline
serotonergics:LSD/psylocybin
tetrahydrocannabiinol- marijuana

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9
Q

I

A

sedative hypnotics and antianxiety agents

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10
Q

II

A

antipsychotic agents

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11
Q

III

A

antidepressants

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12
Q

IV

A

mood stabalizers

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13
Q

V

A

narcotic analgesics

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14
Q

VI

A

psychomotor stimulants

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15
Q

VII

A

psychedelics and hallucionogens

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16
Q

what are the four types of neurotransmitters

A

amino acids
amines
peptides
gases

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17
Q

the amino acid NTs

A

glutamate (glu)

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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18
Q

what substance affects glutamate

A

PCP

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19
Q

what are problems associated with glutamate imbalance?

A

brain damage after stroke

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20
Q

what are issues associated with gaba imbalance?

A

anxiety and epilepsy

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21
Q

what substances affect gaba

A

barbituates, tranqulizers, alcohol

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22
Q

what are amino acids made of?

A

amine and carbarboxylic acid

-NH2 and -COOH

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23
Q

what neurotransmitters are amines?

A

dopamine

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

serotonin

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24
Q

what is dopamine used for other than pleasure and reward?

A

used my CNS neurons in voluntary movement

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25
Q

imbalances with dopamine

A

parkinson’s and schizophrenia

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26
Q

substances that affect dopamine

A

codine, amphetamines, ritalin, alcohol

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27
Q

what is acetylcholine used for?

A

primary transmitter used by motor neurons

involved with learning and memory

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28
Q

imbalance from acetylcholine

A

certain muscular disorders and alzhemers

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29
Q

substances that affect acetylcholine

A

nicotine, botulism toxin, atropine,

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30
Q

what is the function of norepinephrine

A

controls heart rate, sleep, sexual responsiveness, stress, vigilance and appetite

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31
Q

imbalances of norepinephrine can cause

A

high blood pressure and depression

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32
Q

substances that affect norepinephrine

A

tricyclic antidepressants, betablockers

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33
Q

what are the main functions of serotonin?

A

regulates sleep, dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite and sexual behavior

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34
Q

imbalance with serotonin can cause

A

depression, certain anxiety disorders, OCD

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35
Q

substances that affect serotonin

A

SSRI, prozac, hallucinogenics

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36
Q

peptide neurotransmitters

A

endorphins and substance p

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37
Q

what is the main function of endorphins?

A

pleasurable sensations and pain control

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38
Q

imbalances of endorphins

A

lowered levels from opioid addiction

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39
Q

substances that affect endorphins

A

opiates, opium, heroin, morphine, methadone

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40
Q

what is the function of substance p

A

perception of pain

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41
Q

ACh antagonist

A

atropine derived from belladona plants

uses muscarinic receptors

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42
Q

ACh agonist

A

nicotine and muscarine

nicotine works on nicotine receptors in skeletal muscle

muscarine works on muscarine receptors in heart

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43
Q

pick a poison

A

tetrodotoxin

found in pufferfish

it blocks Na+ channels..its an antagonist

44
Q

what are the catecholamine NTs?

A

they are a subgroup of amine NTs

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

45
Q

what is the order of enzymes for catecholamine

A

tyrosine

L dopa

dopamine

norepinephrine

epinephrine

46
Q

dopamine agonist

A

amphetamine and cocaine

they block reuptake of dopamine. amphetamine promotes release of dopamine

47
Q

dopamine antagonist

A

chlorpromazine (thorazine)

occupies dopamine site on D2 receptors

prevents reuptake of DA

48
Q

what % of people fail to respond to antidepressants

A

20%

49
Q

serotonin agonist

A

SSRI

blocks transporter protein so serotonin stays in synaptic cleft longer

50
Q

glutamate antagonist

A

katamine

nmda receptors

51
Q

norephinephrine antagonist

A

propranolol

B receptors

52
Q

norepinephrine agonist

A

isoproterenol

B receptors

53
Q

what system does ACh use

A

cholinergic

54
Q

what is the purpose of the cholinergic system

A

active in maintaining waking electroencephalographic pattern in cortex

role in memory through neuron excitability

death of cholinergic neurons and decrease in ACH in the neocortex are thought to be related

55
Q

what is mesolimbic pathways (dopaminergic system)

A

dopamine releases feelings of reward and pleasure

thought to be the NT system most affected by drugs

increase in DA may be related to schitzophrenia

56
Q

what is nigrostriatal pathways

A

maintains normal motor behavior

loss of DA is related to parkensons

57
Q

what is botulinum toxin?

A

a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum (food poisoning)

prevents release of ACH from neuromuscular junction

58
Q

what is the noradrenergic system

A

it uses norepinephrine

active in maintaining emotional tone

decreases NE are thought to be related to depression

increases in NE are thought to be related to mania

59
Q

the serotonergic system is used for

A

maintaining waking electroencephalography

changes in serotonin activity are related to OCD, tics and schitzophrenia

abnormalities in brainstem of 5-HT neurons are linked to disorders such as sleep apnea an SIDS

60
Q

what kinds of drugs can be taken without food

A

covalent bond (eg lipids)

61
Q

what kinds of drugs should be taken with food

A

polar bonded drugs (eg acids)

62
Q

what does lithium do?

A

since it has a smaller diameter, it can easily displace K+ and Na+ occupying their sites in several critical neuronal enzymes and NT receptors (especially glutamate)

63
Q

how does caffeine work

A

increases glucose production within cells, which makes more energy available and allows for higher rates of cellular activity

its an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (inhibitss the enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine)

64
Q

what are the four main types of psychedelics

A

acetylcholine psychedelics

norepinephrine psychedelics

tetrahydrocannabinol

serotonin psychedelics

65
Q

ACh psychedelic

A

atropine, extracted from atropa belladonna, jimson weed, mandrake and other plants of the family solanaceae

66
Q

NE psychedelics

A

peyote/mescaline

67
Q

how does THC have analgesic effects?

A

it alters transmitter release on dorsal root ganglion of the spinal chord

also in periaqueductal gray

68
Q

where does LSD grow

A

typically on rhy. its a grain fungus

69
Q

anatomical references

A

mapping system to figure where you are in the brain

70
Q

up-down

A

dorsal-ventral

71
Q

nose-tail

A

anterior or rostral-posterior or caudal

72
Q

midline

A

middle of body

73
Q

what is medial

A

toward midline

74
Q

what is lateral

A

toward sides of body

75
Q

three cuts made to brain

A

midsagittal

horizontal

coronal

76
Q

cortex

A

any collection of neurons that forms a thin sheet

77
Q

nucleus

A

distinguishable mass of neurons

latin for “nut”

78
Q

substantia

A

group of neurons deep in brain but usually with less distinctive borders than those of nuclei

79
Q

locus

A

well defined group of cells

80
Q

ganglion

A

a collection of neurons in the PNS

81
Q

only thing named with ganglion in CNS

A

basal ganglia (structures lying deep within the cerebrum and control movelent)

82
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of axons in the PNS

83
Q

what is the only thing called a nerve in the CNS

A

optic nerve

84
Q

tract

A

a collection of CNS axons having a common site of origin and a common destination

85
Q

bundle

A

a collection of axons that run together but do not necessarily have the same origin and destination

86
Q

capsule

A

a collection of neurons that conect the cerebrum with the brain stem

87
Q

commissure

A

any collection of axons that connect one side of the brain with the other side

88
Q

lemniscus

A

a tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon

89
Q

fight or flight (stimulatory)

A

sympathetic nervous system

90
Q

rest and digest (inhibitory)

A

parasympathetic nervous system

91
Q

what is in the somatic nervous system

A

spinal nerves

92
Q

what are the four sets of nerves

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

93
Q

olfactory nerve

A

smell

94
Q

optic nerve

A

vision

95
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

eye movement

96
Q

trochlear nerve

A

eye movement

97
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

masicatory movements and facial sensation

98
Q

abducens nerve

A

eye movement

99
Q

facial nerve

A

facial movement and sensation

100
Q

auditory vestibular nerve

A

hearing and balance

101
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

tongue and pharnyx movement

102
Q

vagus nerve

A

heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx

103
Q

spinal accessory nerve

A

neck muscles

104
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

tongue muscle

105
Q

fast synapse

A

ionotropic action

106
Q

slow synapse

A

metabotropic action

107
Q

steps of metabotropic action

A

transmitter binds to receptor
activates internal second messenger

second messenger receptor gets activated

gates open

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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