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Neuroscience > auditory > Flashcards

auditory Flashcards

1
Q

georg von bekesy

A

we understand how wiring turns into sound perception because of him.

stuck a device in ear while playing sound to see if anything was moving

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2
Q

what is ears structure like

A

has fluid filled chamber and it vibrates based on frequency

hair tells where vibration is coming from

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3
Q

physics of sound

A

motion pressure waves in air

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4
Q

what are sound waves

A

energy transmitted through a physical medium

speed is 340 m/sec or 113 ft/sec (in water-1,500 m/sec)

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5
Q

how to locate prey without vision

A

send out high frequency, sound bounces back, it vibrates lump of fat in head that acts as a lens

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6
Q

pitch

A

frequency

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7
Q

loudness

A

amplitude

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8
Q

timbre

A

complexity (most sounds are a mixture of frequencies. the mixture determines the sounds timbre or percieved uniqueness)

its like hearing the difference in a trumpet vs guitar

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9
Q

phase

A

its like when your hands are hitting?

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10
Q

objective vs subjective sound

A

objective-
amplitude
frequency
complexity

subjective-
loudness
pitch
timbre

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11
Q

loudness is measured in..

A

decibles (dB)

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12
Q

loudness=

A

amplitude + frequency

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13
Q

loudest sound ever

A

kratchu volcano

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14
Q

perception of pitch

A

varies from person to person because we don’t all have perfect pitch. perceived pitch is a product of complex sound

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15
Q

fourier transform

A

mathematics of dissecting waves

decomposes a function of time into its constituent frequencies

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16
Q

perceived pitch is determined by..

A

fundamental frequency

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17
Q

fourier analysis

A

decodes frequency into complex sounds

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18
Q

know structure of ear

A

(enter pic here)

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19
Q

pinna

A

piece of the ear that is cartledge and helps pick up sound

catches sound waves and sends them to rest of ear

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20
Q

outter ear

A

pinna to ear drum

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21
Q

middle ear

A

transmits energy from air (thin) to liquid (dense)

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22
Q

protective attenuation reflex

A

protects inner ear

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23
Q

cochlia

A

where frequency gets converted to location

has hairs

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24
Q

inner hair

A

cells carry nerve signal of sound along the auditory to the brain

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25
Q

outer hair

A

cell receive signals from brain

appear to serve as a mini biomechanial amplifier
focus on particular cells (attention)
loud noises primary damage these hair cells

26
Q

what happens when inner hair cell bend one direction

A

they depolarize

the opposite movement with hyperpolarize hair cells

27
Q

where is tonopopic map located

A

auditory cortex

28
Q

how do we “bind together” the inputs from out five senses to perceive an object

A

we cannot answer this question

29
Q

human sound vs animal sound

A

we hear vision more than we hear sound

30
Q

Pinna

A

Helps collect sounds from a wide area. More sensitive to sounds coming from ahead than from behind

Plays a part in sounds localization.

31
Q

Auditory canal

A

Entrance to internal ear

32
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum

Moves the ossicles

33
Q

Ossicles

A

Smallest bone in body

Transfer movement of tympanic membrane into movements of a second membrane covering a hole in the bone of the skull called oval window

34
Q

Cochlea

A

Filled with fluid and contains apparatus for transforming the physical motion of oval window membrane into neuronal responses

35
Q

Vestibular system

A

Informs our nervous system where our head and body are moving

36
Q

What happens when object moves toward patch of air

A

It compresses the air, increasing the density of the molecules

37
Q

Outer ear is made of..

A

Structures from Pinna to tympanic membrane

38
Q

Middle ear

A

Tumpanic membrane and ossicles

39
Q

Inner ear

A

Apparatus to oval window

40
Q

What happens once neural response to sound is generated in inner ear

A

Signal is transferred to and processed by a series of nuclei in the brain stem

then sent to thalamus and medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

MGN projects to primary auditory cortex

41
Q

apoptosis

A

the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development

42
Q

what causes a response in sensory neurons for sound?

A

movement of fluid in the cochlea

43
Q

what are the steps of out hearing sensation

A

auditory receptors in cochlea

brain stem (superior olive)

medial geniculate nucleus

primary auditory cortex

44
Q

mallus->
incus->
stapes->

A

hammer
anvil
stirrup

45
Q

eustachian tube and air pressure

A

pressure is normally the same as outside except for at high altitudes

tympanic membrane bulges at high altitudes

yawning and swallowing opens eustachian tube which equalizes air pressure

46
Q

what happens when air pressure pushes the tympanic membrane

A

bottom of mallus is pushed inward and the lever action of the ossicles makes the footplate of the stapes push inward at oval window

47
Q

why is pressure pushing at the oval window greater than that at the tympanic membrane

A

surface area of the stapes is smalled than the surface area of the tympanic membrane

48
Q

attenuation reflux

A

onset of a loud sound triggers a neural response that causes the tensor tympani and stapedius to contract

this makes chain of ossicles become more ridged and sound conduction to inner ear is greatly diminished

49
Q

what is the onset of protective attenuation reflex

A

50-100 ms. this is why sudden loud noises can damage our hearing

50
Q

purpose of attenuation reflux

A

adapt to hear continuous sound at high intensities that would otherwise saturate the response of the receptors in the inner ear. this allows us to have a more dynamic range of what we hear

protects us from loud sounds that could damage ear

51
Q

attenuation reflux and frequencies

A

suppress low frequencies more than high frequencies. it makes high frequencies easier to hear in a low frewuency environment

52
Q

parts of inner ear. which have to do with hearing and which do not?

A

cochlea-hearing

labyrinth-maintains bodies equilibrium

53
Q

organ of corti

A

sits upon basular membran and contains auditory receptor neurons

54
Q

helicotrema

A

hole in apex of baslar membrane which connects scala vestibuli and scala tympani

55
Q

fluid in scale tympani and scala vestibular

A

perilymph. its similar to intracellular fluid and has high Na but low K

56
Q

fluid in scala media

A

endolymph- high K but low Na

57
Q

endocochlear potential

A

ionic concentration differences in reissners membrane

endolymph is 80mV more positive than that of perilymph

IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT ENHANCES AUDITORY TRANSDUCTION

58
Q

any motion at oval window must be accompanied by..

A

complimentary motion at round window. round window bulges out. this is because fluid pressure has nowhere to escape.

59
Q

ppart of conchlea that is flexible

A

baslar membrane

60
Q

response of baslar membrane to sound

A

movement of endolymph makes baslar membrane bend near its base which starts a wave that propegates to the apex

the distance the wave travels up baslar membrane depends on the frequency of sound

61
Q

inner hair

A

has cells that carry nerve signal of sound along the auditory to the brain

62
Q

outer hair

A

receives signals from the brain

serves as mini biomechanical amplifier

helps focus on particular sounds

loud noises can damage these hair cells

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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