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auditory Flashcards

1
Q

georg von bekesy

A

we understand how wiring turns into sound perception because of him.

stuck a device in ear while playing sound to see if anything was moving

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2
Q

what is ears structure like

A

has fluid filled chamber and it vibrates based on frequency

hair tells where vibration is coming from

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3
Q

physics of sound

A

motion pressure waves in air

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4
Q

what are sound waves

A

energy transmitted through a physical medium

speed is 340 m/sec or 113 ft/sec (in water-1,500 m/sec)

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5
Q

how to locate prey without vision

A

send out high frequency, sound bounces back, it vibrates lump of fat in head that acts as a lens

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6
Q

pitch

A

frequency

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7
Q

loudness

A

amplitude

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8
Q

timbre

A

complexity (most sounds are a mixture of frequencies. the mixture determines the sounds timbre or percieved uniqueness)

its like hearing the difference in a trumpet vs guitar

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9
Q

phase

A

its like when your hands are hitting?

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10
Q

objective vs subjective sound

A

objective-
amplitude
frequency
complexity

subjective-
loudness
pitch
timbre

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11
Q

loudness is measured in..

A

decibles (dB)

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12
Q

loudness=

A

amplitude + frequency

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13
Q

loudest sound ever

A

kratchu volcano

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14
Q

perception of pitch

A

varies from person to person because we don’t all have perfect pitch. perceived pitch is a product of complex sound

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15
Q

fourier transform

A

mathematics of dissecting waves

decomposes a function of time into its constituent frequencies

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16
Q

perceived pitch is determined by..

A

fundamental frequency

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17
Q

fourier analysis

A

decodes frequency into complex sounds

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18
Q

know structure of ear

A

(enter pic here)

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19
Q

pinna

A

piece of the ear that is cartledge and helps pick up sound

catches sound waves and sends them to rest of ear

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20
Q

outter ear

A

pinna to ear drum

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21
Q

middle ear

A

transmits energy from air (thin) to liquid (dense)

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22
Q

protective attenuation reflex

A

protects inner ear

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23
Q

cochlia

A

where frequency gets converted to location

has hairs

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24
Q

inner hair

A

cells carry nerve signal of sound along the auditory to the brain

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25
outer hair
cell receive signals from brain appear to serve as a mini biomechanial amplifier focus on particular cells (attention) loud noises primary damage these hair cells
26
what happens when inner hair cell bend one direction
they depolarize the opposite movement with hyperpolarize hair cells
27
where is tonopopic map located
auditory cortex
28
how do we "bind together" the inputs from out five senses to perceive an object
we cannot answer this question
29
human sound vs animal sound
we hear vision more than we hear sound
30
Pinna
Helps collect sounds from a wide area. More sensitive to sounds coming from ahead than from behind Plays a part in sounds localization.
31
Auditory canal
Entrance to internal ear
32
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum Moves the ossicles
33
Ossicles
Smallest bone in body Transfer movement of tympanic membrane into movements of a second membrane covering a hole in the bone of the skull called oval window
34
Cochlea
Filled with fluid and contains apparatus for transforming the physical motion of oval window membrane into neuronal responses
35
Vestibular system
Informs our nervous system where our head and body are moving
36
What happens when object moves toward patch of air
It compresses the air, increasing the density of the molecules
37
Outer ear is made of..
Structures from Pinna to tympanic membrane
38
Middle ear
Tumpanic membrane and ossicles
39
Inner ear
Apparatus to oval window
40
What happens once neural response to sound is generated in inner ear
Signal is transferred to and processed by a series of nuclei in the brain stem then sent to thalamus and medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) MGN projects to primary auditory cortex
41
apoptosis
the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development
42
what causes a response in sensory neurons for sound?
movement of fluid in the cochlea
43
what are the steps of out hearing sensation
auditory receptors in cochlea brain stem (superior olive) medial geniculate nucleus primary auditory cortex
44
mallus-> incus-> stapes->
hammer anvil stirrup
45
eustachian tube and air pressure
pressure is normally the same as outside except for at high altitudes tympanic membrane bulges at high altitudes yawning and swallowing opens eustachian tube which equalizes air pressure
46
what happens when air pressure pushes the tympanic membrane
bottom of mallus is pushed inward and the lever action of the ossicles makes the footplate of the stapes push inward at oval window
47
why is pressure pushing at the oval window greater than that at the tympanic membrane
surface area of the stapes is smalled than the surface area of the tympanic membrane
48
attenuation reflux
onset of a loud sound triggers a neural response that causes the tensor tympani and stapedius to contract this makes chain of ossicles become more ridged and sound conduction to inner ear is greatly diminished
49
what is the onset of protective attenuation reflex
50-100 ms. this is why sudden loud noises can damage our hearing
50
purpose of attenuation reflux
adapt to hear continuous sound at high intensities that would otherwise saturate the response of the receptors in the inner ear. this allows us to have a more dynamic range of what we hear protects us from loud sounds that could damage ear
51
attenuation reflux and frequencies
suppress low frequencies more than high frequencies. it makes high frequencies easier to hear in a low frewuency environment
52
parts of inner ear. which have to do with hearing and which do not?
cochlea-hearing labyrinth-maintains bodies equilibrium
53
organ of corti
sits upon basular membran and contains auditory receptor neurons
54
helicotrema
hole in apex of baslar membrane which connects scala vestibuli and scala tympani
55
fluid in scale tympani and scala vestibular
perilymph. its similar to intracellular fluid and has high Na but low K
56
fluid in scala media
endolymph- high K but low Na
57
endocochlear potential
ionic concentration differences in reissners membrane endolymph is 80mV more positive than that of perilymph IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT ENHANCES AUDITORY TRANSDUCTION
58
any motion at oval window must be accompanied by..
complimentary motion at round window. round window bulges out. this is because fluid pressure has nowhere to escape.
59
ppart of conchlea that is flexible
baslar membrane
60
response of baslar membrane to sound
movement of endolymph makes baslar membrane bend near its base which starts a wave that propegates to the apex the distance the wave travels up baslar membrane depends on the frequency of sound
61
inner hair
has cells that carry nerve signal of sound along the auditory to the brain
62
outer hair
receives signals from the brain serves as mini biomechanical amplifier helps focus on particular sounds loud noises can damage these hair cells

Neuroscience (20 decks)

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