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Pathology > Other infections > Flashcards

Other infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is Leprosy known as?

A

Hansen’s disease

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2
Q

Describe the disease of Leprosy

A

Bipolar

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3
Q

Describe the infection of Leprosy

A

Slowly progressive

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4
Q

What is this infection caused by?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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5
Q

What is the Mycobacterium leprae known as?

A

Lepra bacilli

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6
Q

What does this infection affect? (2 points)

A

Skin

Peripheral nerves

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7
Q

What does this infection mainly result in?

3 points

A

Deformity
Paralysis
Ulceration

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8
Q

What is the incubation period of the Mycobacterium leprae?

A

5-10 years

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9
Q

What is the mode of infection of Leprosy?

A

Droplet

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10
Q

What does this droplet infection occur via?

A

Nasal mucosa

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11
Q

What is the classification of the Leprosy bipolar disease based on?

A

Host immune responses

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12
Q

What are the 2 forms of the Leprosy disease classified based on the host immune responses?

A

Nodular

Maculoanaesthetic

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13
Q

What is the nodular leprosy known as?

A

Lepromatous

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14
Q

What is the Maculoanaesthetic leprosy known as?

A

Tuberculoid

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15
Q

What is another form of Leprosy?

A

Border line

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16
Q

Describe Border line Leprosy

A

Grade between Tuberculoid and Lepromatous

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17
Q

Describe the form of Nodular Leprosy

A

Severe

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18
Q

What is the tissue destruction in the Leprosy known as?

A

Leproma

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19
Q

Describe Leproma

A

Granuloma

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20
Q

How many cells is this granuloma composed of?

A

4

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21
Q

What are the 4 cells where this granuloma is composed of?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Giant cells

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22
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of these Macrophages

A

Foamy

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23
Q

Describe the color of this cytoplasm

A

Pale

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24
Q

What do these Macrophages do with the Lepra bacilli?

A

Engulfment

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25
Q

What do these Lepra bacilli rapidly do?

A

Multiplication

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26
Q

Where do these Lepra bacilli rapidly multiply in the Macrophages?

A

Cytoplasm

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27
Q

What does the Macrophages do with the Lepra bacilli then?

A

Lysis

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28
Q

Describe this lysis (2 points)

A

Partial

Incomplete

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29
Q

What causes this incomplete lysis of the Lepra bacilli?

A

Defective digestion

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30
Q

What is resulted due to the partial lysis of the Lepra bacilli?

A

Foamy cytoplasm

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31
Q

What are the Macrophages then known as?

2 points

A

Foam cells

Lepra cells

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32
Q

Describe the resistance of the patient in Nodular Leprosy

A

Very low

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33
Q

What causes this low resistance?

A

A defect

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34
Q

Which cells does this defect occur in causing the low resistance of the patient?

A

T Lymphocytes

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35
Q

What aren’t the T Lymphocytes stimulated by as a result?

A

Lepra bacilli

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36
Q

What doesn’t occur to the Macrophages as a result?

A

Instruction

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37
Q

What aren’t the Macrophages instructed to do?

A

Killing

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38
Q

What aren’t the Macrophages instructed to kill?

A

Phagocytosed Lepra bacilli

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39
Q

What also occurs in the Leproma?

A

Healing

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40
Q

What is healed in the Leproma?

A

Old lesions

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41
Q

What do the old lesion heal by?

A

Fibrosis

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42
Q

How many lesions occur in the Nodular Leprosy?

A

5

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43
Q

What are the 5 lesions that occur in the Nodular Leprosy?

A 
Skin
Nasal
Neural
Trophic
Visceral
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44
Q

Describe the 2 forms of the skin lesion

A

Nodular

Macular

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45
Q

Where is the skin lesion especially nodular in?

2 points

A

Face

Extremities

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46
Q

Where is the skin lesion also nodular in?

A

Forehead

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47
Q

Describe the appearance of the nodular skin lesion in the face and in the forehead

A

Lenione

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48
Q

Describe the 2 forms of the macular skin lesion

A

Erythematous

Hypopigmented

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49
Q

What occurs in the Nasal lesion? (3 points)

A

Mucosal ulceration
Nasal obstruction
Septal destruction

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50
Q

What is affected in the neural lesion?

A

Big peripheral nerves

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51
Q

Which big peripheral nerves are especially affected in Neural lesion?

A

Ulnar

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52
Q

What occurs in these big peripheral nerves?

A

Thickening

Destruction

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53
Q

Describe this thickening and destruction

A

Diffuse

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54
Q

What causes Trophic lesion?

A

Loss of sensation

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55
Q

What occurs due to the Trophic lesion?

2 points

A

Traumatic ulcer

Deformities

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56
Q

Where do these traumatic ulcer and deformities occur in?

2 points

A

Hands

Feet

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57
Q

What are the 4 organs in which the infection occur in, in Visceral lesion?

A

Liver
Spleen
Testis
Eye

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58
Q

Describe the form of the Maculoanaesthetic Leprosy

A

Mildest

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59
Q

Describe the resistance of the patients in Maculoanaesthetic Leprosy compared to the resistance of the patients in Nodular Leprosy

A

Relatively higher

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60
Q

What is occurs in the tissue reaction?

A

Granuloma

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61
Q

Describe this granuloma

A

Non-caseating

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62
Q

How many cells is this non-caseating granuloma formed of?

A

3

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63
Q

What are the 3 cells that form this non-caseating granuloma?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Giant cells

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64
Q

What does this non-caseating granuloma has a marked tendency for?

A

Fibrosis

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65
Q

What does this granuloma differ from?

A

Sarcoidosis

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66
Q

What does this granuloma have which is a difference between it and sarcoidosis?

A

Lepra cells

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67
Q

Describe the number of these lepra cells

A

Few

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68
Q

Which stain may these lepra cells be found by?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen

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69
Q

Where does this granuloma occur along side of which is a difference between it and Sarcoidosis?

A

Nerves

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70
Q

What is accompanied by these nerves due to the occurrence of this granuloma along side them?

A

Nerve destruction

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71
Q

Describe the infection of the Maculoanaesthetic Leprosy

A

Mild

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72
Q

What does this infection mainly occur in? (2 points)

A

Skin

Peripheral nerve

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73
Q

How many lesions occur in the Maculoanaesthetic Leprosy?

A

3

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74
Q

What are the 3 lesions that occur in the Maculoanaesthetic Leprosy?

A

Skin
Neural
Trophic

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75
Q

What occurs in the skin lesion in Maculoanaesthetic Leprosy?

A

Macules

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76
Q

Where exactly do these macules occur in the skin lesion in Maculoanaesthetic Leprosy?
(3 points)

A

Face
Trunk
Limbs

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77
Q

Describe the occurrence of these macules

A

Single
Or
Very few

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78
Q

What is the color of these macules?

A

Red

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79
Q

Describe the border of these macules

A

Slightly elevated

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80
Q

Describe the center of these macules

A

Anesthetic

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81
Q

What does anesthetic mean?

A

Impaired sensation

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82
Q

Describe the color of these macules center

A

Pale

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83
Q

What is also impaired?

A

Sweating

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84
Q

Describe the occurrence of the neural lesion

A

Early

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85
Q

What does the peripheral nerve show in the neural lesion?

A

Thickening

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86
Q

Describe this thickening (2 points)

A

Diffuse
Or
Fusiform

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87
Q

What does this thickening cause?

A

Muscle atrophy

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88
Q

What causes the trophic lesion

A

Loss of sensation

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89
Q

What occurs due to the Trophic lesion?

2 points

A

Traumatic ulcer

Deformities

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90
Q

Where do these traumatic ulcer and deformities occur in?

2 points

A

Hand

Feet

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91
Q

Describe the disease of the Syphilis

A

Venereal acquired

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92
Q

Describe the disease of the Syphilis

A

Venereal acquired

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93
Q

What does the Syphilis cause?

A

Infective granuloma

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94
Q

What is the etiological agent of the Syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

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95
Q

What is the form of the Treponema pallidum?

A

Spirochetes

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96
Q

What are the 2 ways of Syphilis transmission?

A

Sexual

Vertical

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97
Q

What is the transmission of the Syphilis most contagious to?

A

Sex partners

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98
Q

During which stages of the Syphilis is the transmission most contagious to sex partners? (2 points)

A

Primary

Secondary

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99
Q

What does the Treponema pallidum enter the body via?

2 points

A

Skin

Mucous membrane

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100
Q

Through what does the Treponema pallidum enter the body via skin and mucous membrane?

A

Abrasions

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101
Q

When does the Treponema pallidum enter the body via skin and mucous membrane through abrasions?

A

During sexual contact

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102
Q

What is the other mode of infection of the Syphilis?

A

Transplacentally

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103
Q

How is this infection transmitted transplacentally?

A

From mother to fetus

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104
Q

When is this infection transmitted placentally from mother to fetus?

A

During pregnancy

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105
Q

What occurs in the pathogenesis of the disease?

A

Invasion

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106
Q

What does the Treponema pallidum directly invade?

A

Mucosa

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107
Q

What is this Treponema pallidum possibly aided by?

A

Surface abrasions

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108
Q

What are these surface abrasions resulted from?

A

Intercourse

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109
Q

Describe the person which has this intercourse that causes surface abrasions

A

Infected

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110
Q

What develops at the site of infection?

A

Primary lesion

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111
Q

What is this primary lesion known as?

A

Chancre

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112
Q

What is the usual site of infection in which the primary lesion develops in?

A

External genitalia

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113
Q

What are the other 2 sites of infection in which the primary lesion develops in?

A

Lips

Anorectal region

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114
Q

What does the Treponema pallidum then pass to within hours?

A

Regional lymph nodes

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115
Q

What does the Treponema pallidum gain access to within hours?

A

Systemic circulations

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116
Q

What are the 5 histologic hallmarks of the Syphilis whatever the disease is that the location of the lesions are?

A 
Endarteritis Obliterans
Plasma cell
Lymphocytes
Giant cells
Necrosis
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117
Q

Describe the occurrence of the Endarteritis Obliterans

A

Early

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118
Q

Which cells are mainly the histologic hallmarks of the Syphilis?

A

Plasma cells

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119
Q

Describe these giant cells

A

Relatively small

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120
Q

Describe the nuclei of these giant cells

A

Central

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121
Q

Which Syphilis stage does the necrosis occur in?

A

Tertiary

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122
Q

What is developed in the primary syphilis?

A

Primary lesion

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123
Q

Which site does this primary lesion develops at?

A

Inoculation

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124
Q

What are these 2 sites of inoculation?

A

Genital

Extra genital

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125
Q

What are the 2 extra genital sites?

A

Lips

Tongue

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126
Q

When does the primary lesion appear?

A

2-6 weeks after infection

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127
Q

What are the 3 progressions of this primary lesion?

A

Macule to Papule to ulcer

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128
Q

Describe this primary lesion (2 points)

A

Painless

Highly infectious

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129
Q

Describe the edge of this primary lesion

2 points

A

Sharp

Indurated

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130
Q

Describe the base of this primary lesion

A

Clean

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131
Q

What also occurs in the primary syphilis?

A

Regional lymphadenopathy

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132
Q

Describe the regional lymphadenopathy

2 points

A

Painless

Bilateral

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133
Q

Describe the regional lymphadenopathy when touched

A

Classically rubbery

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134
Q

When does the secondary Syphilis occur?

A

2 months after the primary chancre

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135
Q

What is the most common lesion in the Secondary Syphilis?

A

Mucocutaneous

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136
Q

What are the 3 clinical manifestations?

A

Skin lesion
Hair
Lymph node

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137
Q

What occurs in the skin lesion? (3 points)

A

Rash
Mucous patches
Condylomata lata

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138
Q

Describe this rash

A

Generalized

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139
Q

What is present in this rash? (3 points)

A

Macule
Papule
Pastule

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140
Q

What is the percentage of the occurrence of the macule, papule and pustule?

A

75%-100%

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141
Q

Describe these mucous patches

A

Highly infectious

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142
Q

What are these mucous patches?

A

Ulcers

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143
Q

Describe these ulcers

A

Snail track

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144
Q

Where are these mucous patches found on?

2 points

A

Pharynx

Genitalia

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145
Q

What is the Condylomata lata?

A

Papular lesions

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146
Q

What do these papular lesions look like?

A

Wart

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147
Q

Where do these papular lesions occur in?

A

Moist areas

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148
Q

Which 4 moist areas do these papular lesions occur in?

A

Axillae
Perineum
Vulva
Scrotum

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149
Q

What are these moist areas stuffed with?

A

Treponema pallidum

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150
Q

Describe the occurrence of these Treponema pallidum

A

Abundant

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151
Q

What occurs in the hair?

A

Spots

Loss of eyebrows

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152
Q

Describe these spots (2 points)

A

Patchy

Bald

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153
Q

What occurs in the lymph nodes?

A

Generalized Lymphadenopathy

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154
Q

Which lymph nodes does this Generalized Lymphadenopathy especially occur in?

A

Epitrochlear

Cervical

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155
Q

What are the 5 general manifestations of Secondary Syphilis?

A 
Malaise
Fever
Headache
Joint pain
Syphilis lesions
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156
Q

What happens to these Syphilis lesions while the person remains infected?

A

Resolve without treatment

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157
Q

When does the Tertiary Syphilis occur?

A

After 2-12 years

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158
Q

Describe the stage of this disease

A

Destructive

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159
Q

What are the 3 main types of the Tertiary Syphilis?

A

Syphilitic gummas
Cardiovascular
Neurosyphilis

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160
Q

What is the most common complication of late syphilis?

A

Gummas

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161
Q

What is the color of this gummas?

A

Gray white

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162
Q

Describe the gummas when touched

A

Rubbery

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163
Q

What occurs in this gummas? (2 points)

A

Granulomas

Necrosis

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164
Q

Describe this necrosis (2 points)

A

Central

Coagulative

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165
Q

What is infiltered in this gummas?

A

Plasma cell

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166
Q

What are the 5 most common sites where this gummas occur in?

A 
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Bone
Joints
Testis
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167
Q

What do these gummas do in the skin?

A

Break down

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168
Q

What do these gummas form when broken down?

A

Ulcers

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169
Q

Describe these ulcers

A

Punched-out

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170
Q

What happens to the liver as a result of this gummas?

A

Scarring

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171
Q

What does this scarring cause?

A

Distinctive hepatic lesion

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172
Q

What is this distinctive hepatic lesion known as?

A

Hepar lobatum

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173
Q

What does the Cardiovascular Syphilis result in?

A

Weakening

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174
Q

What is weakened due to the Cardiovascular Syphilis?

A

Aortic wall

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175
Q

What will the weakening of this aortic wall due to the Cardiovascular Syphilis progress into?

A

Late syphilis vascular manifestations

176
Q

What are the 2 late syphilis vascular manifestations of the aorta?

A

Aneurysm

Dilatation

177
Q

Which aorta do Aneurysm and the Dilatation occur in?

A

Ascending

178
Q

Where does the Aneurysm also occur in?

A

Aortic arch

179
Q

What is the aortic arch known as?

A

Thoracic aorta

180
Q

What is resulted from the dilatation of the ascending aorta?

A

Stretching

181
Q

What is stretched?

A

Aortic valve ring

182
Q

What is produced due to the stretching of the aortic valve ring?

A

Aortic insufficiency

183
Q

What does the Neurosyphilis cause? (4 points)

A

Syphilitic meningitis
Meningovascular syphilis
General insane paresis
Tabes dorsalis

184
Q

What does the Meningovascular syphilis cause? (3 points)

A

Syphilitic arteritis
Thrombosis
Infraction

185
Q

Where does the Syphilitic arteritis occur in?

A

Cerebral arteries

186
Q

Which type of infraction occurs in the Meningovascular syphilis?

A

Liquefactive

187
Q

What occurs in the general paresis of insane?

A

Loss of cortical function

188
Q

Describe this loss

A

Gradually progressive

189
Q

What does the Tabes dorsalis result in?

A

Loss

190
Q

What is lost as a result of Tabes dorsalis?

A

Peripheral reflexes
Position sense
Ataxia

191
Q

Describe the loss of the peripheral reflexes and ataxia

A

Progressive

192
Q

What may be seen in advanced cases in Tabes dorsalis?

A

Chronic destructive changes

193
Q

Where do these chronic destructive changes occur in?

A

Large joints

194
Q

Which large joints do these chronic destructive changes occur in?

A

Of affected limbs

195
Q

What are these large joints of affected limbs which have chronic destructive changes known as?

A

Charcot’s joints

196
Q

How is the Treponema pallidum transmitted in Congenital Syphilis?

A

From a pregnant woman to her fetus

197
Q

What occurs due to Congenital Syphilis?

4 points

A

Spontaneous abortion
Still birth
Neonatal death
Survive

198
Q

Describe the affection of the baby in neonatal death

A

Severe

199
Q

When does this baby die in neonatal death?

A

Soon after birth

200
Q

What happens when the baby survives?

A

Develops late manifestations

201
Q

Which stage of Congenital Syphilis does the transmission occur in?

A

Any

202
Q

Which Congenital Syphilis stages is the risk much higher in? (2 points)

A

Primary

Secondary

203
Q

When does the fetal infection of Congenital Syphilis occur?

A

Any trimester of pregnancy

204
Q

What are the 3 sites in which the fetal infections of Congenital Syphilis occur in?

A

Bone
Teeth
Eye

205
Q

What occurs in the bone? (2 points)

A

Saddle nose

Saber shins

206
Q

What occurs in the teeth? (2 points)

A

Hutchinson’s teeth

Mulberry molars

207
Q

What occurs in the eye? (2 points)

A

Corneal inflammation

Interstitial keratitis

208
Q

What are the other 2 fetal infections of Congenital Syphilis?

A

Neurosyphilis

Hutchinson’s triad

209
Q

What occurs in the Neurosyphilis of Congenital Syphilis?

A

Eighth nerve deafness

210
Q

Describe Bilharziasis

A

Inflammation

211
Q

What type of Inflammation is the Bilharziasis?

A

Chronic specific

212
Q

Describe this chronic specific inflammation

A

Infective granuloma

213
Q

Which country is the Bilharziasis present in?

A

Egypt

214
Q

Describe the occurrence of the Bilharziasis in Egypt

A

Endemic

215
Q

What are the 2 causative species of Bilharziasis?

A

S. Haematobium

S. Mansoni

216
Q

What does the S. Haematobium affect?

A

Urogenital system

217
Q

What does the S. Mansoni affect?

A

Digestive system

218
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the Bilharziasis?

A

Lesions

219
Q

How many lesions caused by the Bilharziasis?

A

3

220
Q

What are the 3 lesions caused by?

A

Cercaria
Adult worms
Ova

221
Q

What are the 3 lesions caused by the cercaria?

A

Acute dermatitis
Papular
Vesicular eruption

222
Q

Where are the papular

and the vesicular eruption present in?

A

Skin

223
Q

Which site are the papular

and the vesicular eruption present at?

A

Penetration

224
Q

Describe the nature of the adult worm that can be present which causes lesions (2 points)

A

Living

Dead

225
Q

What do the living worms produce? (2 points)

A

Bilharzial pigments

Ova

226
Q

What happens to these bilharzial pigments?

A

Phagocytosis

227
Q

What are the bilharzial pigments phagocytosed by?

A

RES

228
Q

What do the dead worms cause?

A

Inflammation

Necrosis

229
Q

What type of inflammation is caused by the dead worms?

A

Severe allergic

230
Q

Where does the severe allergic inflammation occur?

A

Wall of blood vessels

231
Q

What is this severe allergic inflammation known as?

A

Thrombophlebitis

232
Q

Were do the ova pass in? (2 points)

A

Urine

Stool

233
Q

What happens when the ova pass in the urine and stool?

A

Bleeding

234
Q

Where does this bleeding occur in?

A

Rectum

235
Q

Describe another form of bleeding that can occur

A

Terminal hematuria

236
Q

What occurs due the bleeding?

A

Anemia

237
Q

Where can the ova be trapped in?

A

Submucosa

238
Q

What is caused due to the trapping of the ova in the submucosa?

A

Bilharzial granuloma

239
Q

Describe this bilharzial granuloma

A

Periovular

240
Q

What is involved in the bilharzial granuloma?

A

Miracidium

241
Q

What does this miracidium secrete? (2 points)

A

Antigens

Proteolytic enzymes

242
Q

What occurs when the miracidium secrete antigens and the proteolytic enzymes?

A

Sensitization

243
Q

Which cells make this sensitization?

A

T-lymphocytes

244
Q

What feature of these T-lymphocytes make this sensitization?

A

Lymphokines

245
Q

What is created after the sensitization of these T-lymphocytes lymphokines?

A

Granulomatous reaction

246
Q

Which cells are present in the granulomatous reaction?

A

Multinucleated giant cells

247
Q

Describe the 3 passages of the granuloma

A

Cellular
Fibrocellular
Fibrous

248
Q

What is involve in the cellular granuloma?

A

Ova

249
Q

What are the ova surrounded by in the cellular granuloma?

A

Cells

250
Q

What is involved in the fibrocellular granuloma?

A

Cellular granuloma

251
Q

What is involved in the cellular granuloma?

2 points

A

Fibroblasts

Capillaries

252
Q

What can some ova be carried by?

A

Blood

253
Q

What are these ova carried by the blood as?

A

Emboli

254
Q

What are the 2 organs which these ova reach when they are carried by the blood as emboli?

A

Lung

Liver

255
Q

What is caused when the Bilharziasis occurs in the urinary bladder?

A

Bilharziasis cystitis

256
Q

What occur in the early lesion during the Bilharziasis cystitis?

A

Hyperemia

Petechial hemorrhage

257
Q

What is more common in the Bilharziasis cystitis?

A

Sandy patches

258
Q

Describe the shape of these sandy patches

2 points

A

Irregular

Granular

259
Q

What is the color of these sandy patches?

A

Yellow

260
Q

What are the areas of these sandy patches covered with?

A

Atrophic mucosa

261
Q

Where are the bilharzial ova deposited which cause these sandy patches?

A

Submucosa

262
Q

Where could happen to these sandy patches?

A

Pressure atrophy

263
Q

What is caused due to the pressure atrophy of the sandy patches?

A

Mucosal ischemia

264
Q

What are less common in the Bilharzias cystitis?

A

Polyps

265
Q

What occurs in the polyps?

A

Protrusion

266
Q

What is protruded in the polyps? (2 points)

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

267
Q

What is accompanied with this protrusion?

A

Bilharzial reaction

268
Q

What is seen microscopically in the Bilharzial cystitis?

A

Connective tissue core

269
Q

What does this connective tissue core contain? (2 points)

A

Ova

Granuloma

270
Q

What is this connective tissue core covered with?

A

Hyperplastic mucosa

271
Q

What is deposited in massive amounts causing these sandy patches?

A

Bilharzial ova

272
Q

What is ulcerated in the Bilharzias cystitis?

A

Polyp

273
Q

What causes ulceration in the polyp?

A

Extrusion

274
Q

What is extruded causing this ulceration?

A

Ova

275
Q

Which cases does the dense fibrosis occur in?

A

Long standing

276
Q

What do these long standing cases involve?

A

Mucosa

277
Q

What do these long standing cases sometimes involve?

A

Submucosa

278
Q

Describe the epithelial changes of the Bilharziasis cystitis

A

Urothelial changes

279
Q

What are the 6 urothelial changes?

A 
Hyperplasia
Squamous metaplasia
Dysplasia
Brunn's nests
Leukoplakia
Cystitis
280
Q

Which 2 epithelium does the dysplasia occur in?

A

Urothelial

Squamous

281
Q

What occurs in the Brunn’s nests?

A

Solid buds

282
Q

Where are these solid buds present in?

A

Urothelial epithelium

283
Q

Describe the leukoplakia

A

Mucosal patches

284
Q

What is the color of these mucosal patches?

A

White

285
Q

Describe the thickness of these mucousal patches

A

Thick

286
Q

What are the 2 types of cystitis involved in the urothelial changes?

A

Cystica

Glandularis

287
Q

What are involved in the Cystitis cystica and the Cystitis glandularis?

A

Cysts

288
Q

What are these cysts lined by in Cystitis cystica?

A

Transitional epithelium

289
Q

What are these cysts lined by in Cystitis glandularis?

A

Columnar cells

290
Q

What do these columnar cells secrete?

A

Mucin

291
Q

What are the 5 complications of Bilharziasis cystitis?

A 
Bladder neck obstruction 
Renal calculi
Bladder carcinoma
Terminal hematuria
Fistulous communication
292
Q

What does the bladder neck obstruction cause? (7 points)

A 
Diverticulum
Hydroureter
Hydronephrosis
Pyoureter
Pyonephrosis
Chronic renal failure 
Urine retention
293
Q

What are involved in the renal calculi?

A

Calcium phosphate stones

294
Q

What does the Terminal hematuria cause?

A

Anemia

295
Q

What does the fistula communicate with? (2 points)

A

Rectum

Vagina

296
Q

What are the 3 organs which the complications of the Bilharziasis cystitis occur in?

A

Ureter
Urethra
Genitalia

297
Q

Which part of the ureter will be affected?

A

Lower 1/3

298
Q

What occurs in the ureter as a complication?

A

Ureteric stricture

299
Q

What does the ureteric stricture cause?

A

Black pressure

300
Q

What occurs in the urethra as a complication (3 points)?

A

Sandy patches
Polyps
Ulcers

301
Q

What occurs in the male genitalia as a complication?

A

Sterility

302
Q

What causes this sterility?

A

Fibrosis

303
Q

Where does this fibrosis occur around?

A

Vas deferens

304
Q

What occurs in the female genitalia as a complication?

A

Bilharzial granuloma

305
Q

What does the intestinal Bilharziasis cause?

A

Bilharzial colitis

306
Q

What is involved in the Bilharzial colitis?

4 points

A

Hyperemia
Edema
Petechial hemorrhage
Sandy patches

307
Q

What are the most common intestinal lesions that occur in the Bilharzial colitis?

A

Polyps

308
Q

What are the 2 most common sites where the polyps occur in?

A

Rectum

Sigmoid colon

309
Q

Describe the ulcers that occur in the Bilharzial colitis

A

Shallow

310
Q

Describe the shape of these ulcers

A

Irregular

311
Q

Describe the edges of these ulcers

A

Sharp

312
Q

Describe the floor of these ulcers

A

Granular

313
Q

Which cases does the fibrosis occur in?

A

Long standing

314
Q

What does this fibrosis prevent the passage of?

A

Ova

315
Q

What does this fibrosis prevent the passage of the ova with?

A

Stool

316
Q

Describe the Intestinal Bilharziasis caused

A

Closed

317
Q

What are the 5 complications of the Bilharzial colitis?

A 
Recurrent intestinal hemorrhage
Intestinal stenosis
Large polyps
Marked fibrosis
Secondary infection
318
Q

What causes this intestinal stenosis?

A

Fibrosis

319
Q

What do these large polyps cause?

A

Intestinal obstruction

320
Q

Where does the ova pass to in the marked fibrosis?

A

Liver

321
Q

What does the secondary infection lead to?

A

Dysentery

322
Q

What occurs in the Bilharziasis of the liver?

A

Portal tract lesion

323
Q

What is involved in this portal tract lesion?

A

Periportal fibrosis

324
Q

What happens to the liver cells in the portal tract lesion?

A

Fatty changes

325
Q

What are the 2 types of the Bilharzial hepatic fibrosis?

A

Periportal

Mixed

326
Q

What are the 4 types of periportal fibrosis?

A

Fine
Diffuse
Coarse
Pipe stem

327
Q

What is not involved in the Bilharzial liver?

A

Regenerating nodule

328
Q

What happens to the ova in the Bilharzial liver?

A

Impaction

Penetration

329
Q

Where are the ova impacted?

A

Portal vein branches

330
Q

What does the impaction of these ova in the portal vein branches recult in?

A

Proliferation

331
Q

What will be proliferated?

A

Endothelial lining

332
Q

Where are these ova deposited in?

A

Portal tract

333
Q

What do these deposited ova penetrate?

A

Venous wall

334
Q

What is then caused when the ova penetrate the venous wall?

A

Granuloma

335
Q

What does this granuloma cause?

A

Fibrosis

336
Q

Where are the dead worms impacted in?

A

Large portal tract

337
Q

What do the impacted worms cause in these large portal tract?

A

Thrombophlebitis

338
Q

What does this thrombophlebitis cause?

A

Severe allergic necrosis

339
Q

What does this severe allergic necrosis cause?

A

Dense cellular filtrate

340
Q

Where are these dense cellular filtrate found around?

A

Veins

341
Q

What also occurs in the prognosis of the Bilharzial liver?

A

Angiomatoids

342
Q

Describe the angiomatoids

A

Dilated capillaries

343
Q

Where are these dilated capillaries found between? (2 points)

A

Hepatic artery branches

Portal veins

344
Q

What does the Bilharzial periportal fibrosis cause? (3 points)

A

Portal hypertension
Portal vein thrombosis
Ammonia encephalopathy

345
Q

What does the portal hypertension causes?

7 points

A 
Splenomegaly
Ascites
Venous congestion
Varicosities 
Esophageal 
Piles
Caput medusa
346
Q

What is accompanied by the Splenomegaly?

A

Splenic vein thrombosis

347
Q

Where does the venous congestion occur in?

A

Viscera

348
Q

Where does the varicosities occur in?

A

Porto-systemic anastomosis

349
Q

Describe the portal vein thrombosis

A

Vascular stasis

350
Q

What does the normal ammonia come form?

A

Colon

351
Q

What is this ammonia converted to?

A

Urea

352
Q

Which organ converts the ammonia to urea?

A

Liver

353
Q

In ammonia encephalopathy, which organ does the ammonia?

A

Brain

354
Q

What are opened so that the ammonia reaches the brain in ammonia encephalopathy?

A

Shunts

355
Q

Describe the spleen in Bilharzial splenomegaly

A

Enlarged

356
Q

Describe the spleen in the early and late stages of Bilharzial splenomegaly

A

Firm

357
Q

Describe the capsule of the spleen in the early and late stages of Bilharzial splenomegaly

A

Tense

358
Q

Describe the surface of the spleen in the early and late stages of Bilharzial splenomegaly

A

Smooth

359
Q

What 2 features are increased in the spleen in the early and late stages of Bilharzial splenomegaly?

A

Size

Weight

360
Q

What occurs in the early stage of Bilharzial splenomegaly? (2 points)

A

Congested sinusoids

Reticuloendothelial hyperplasia

361
Q

What occurs in the late stage of Bilharzial splenomegaly? (2 points)

A 
Portal hypertension
Chronic venous congestion
Subcapsular haemorrhage
Adhesions
Thrombosis
Atrophic lymphoid follicles
Dilated congested sinusoids 
Thick capsules
362
Q

What is prognosis of the Bilharzial splenomegaly in the early stage?

A

Reticuloendothelial hyperplasia

363
Q

What are the 2 prognosis of the Bilharzial splenomegaly in the late stage?

A

Portal hypertension

Chronic venous congestion

364
Q

What are the 2 complications of the Bilharzial splenomegaly?

A

Hypersplenism

Compression

365
Q

What what the hypersplenism cause?

A

Pancytopenia

366
Q

What does this Pancytopenia result in?

3 points

A

Anemia
Leucopenia
Thrombocytopenia

367
Q

What is compressed as a complication?

A

Surrounding structure

368
Q

What is involved in the Bilharziasis of the lung?

A

Emboli

369
Q

What does this emboli contain?

A

S.Mansoni

370
Q

What is rarely contained in this emboli?

A

S.Haematobium

371
Q

Where is this emboli present in?

A

Collateral circulation

372
Q

What is the percentage of the patients that get lung Bilharziasis?

A

20%

373
Q

Describe the infection of Actinomycosis

A

Rare

374
Q

Describe the disease of Actinomycosis

A

Bacterial

375
Q

What causes Actinomycosis?

A

Actinomyces species

376
Q

What are the 2 species of Actinomyces that cause this infection?

A

Actinomyces israelii

Actinomyces gerencseriae

377
Q

What is the percentage of infection caused by these species?

A

70%

378
Q

What are the 3 most common sites where the Actinomycosis occur in?

A

Mouth
Lungs
Gastrointestinal tract

379
Q

Describe the Actinomycosis in the mouth

A

Cervicofacial

380
Q

Describe the Actinomycosis in the lungs

A

Pulmonary

381
Q

Describe the Actinomycosis in the Gastrointestinal tract

A

Intestinal

382
Q

Where does the Actinomycosis rarely occur in?

A

Skin

383
Q

What is formed in Actinomycosis?

A

Painful abscesses

384
Q

What happens to these abscesses when the disease progresses?

A

Grow larger

385
Q

Where do these abscesses often occur over when they grow larger as the disease progresses?

A

Mouths

386
Q

What are the 2 surrounding sites where these abscesses penetrate ,in severe cases?

A

Bone

Muscle

387
Q

What do these abscesses reach when they abscesses penetrate the surrounding bone and muscle?

A

Skin

388
Q

What do these abscess break open and leak in the skin in large amounts?

A

Pus

389
Q

What does this pus contain?

A

Characteristic granules

390
Q

Describe these characteristic granules

A

Sulfur granules

391
Q

What are these characteristic granules filled with?

A

Progeny bacteria

392
Q

What is the feature of these granules where they are named based on?

A

Appearance

393
Q

What are these granules actually not composed of?

A

Sulfur

394
Q

What is seen in the microscopic picture of Actinomycosis? (2 points)

A

Colonies

lesions

395
Q

What do these colonies consist of? (2 points)

A

Clubs

Filaments

396
Q

Describe the arrangement of these clubs

A

Peripheral

397
Q

Describe the position of these filaments

A

Central

398
Q

What are these peripherally arranged clubs stained by?

A

Eosin

399
Q

What is the color of these peripherally arranged clubs when stained by Eosin?

A

Red

400
Q

What are these central filaments stained by?

A

Gram positive

401
Q

What is the color of these central filaments when stained by Gram positive?

A

Blue

402
Q

Which 4 cells are the colonies surrounded by?

A

PNLS
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells

403
Q

Describe the number of these cells

A

Large

404
Q

What is the lesion surrounded by?

A

Fibrosis

405
Q

What is the Mycetoma known as?

A

Madura foot

406
Q

Describe the disease of Mycetoma (2 points)

A

Chronic granulomatous

Fungal

407
Q

What is the Mycetoma caused by?

A

Mycetoma fungus

408
Q

What is the mycetoma fungus known as?

A

Nocardia

409
Q

What does this mycetoma fungus enter?

A

Skin

410
Q

Describe the person where this mycetoma fungus enter his skin

A

Barefoot

411
Q

What does the mycetoma fungus enter through ,in the skin of a barefoot person?

A

Abrasion

412
Q

What does the Mycetoma mainly affect?

A

Limbs

413
Q

What are the 2 countries where the Mycetoma infection occur in?

A

Africa

India

414
Q

Describe the infection in these 2 countries

A

Endemic

415
Q

Where can the Mycetoma infection also occur in?

A

Egypt

416
Q

Describe the initial lesion in the Mycetoma

A

Small subcutaneous swelling

417
Q

What is this small subcutaneous swelling followed by?

A

Minor trauma

418
Q

What then occurs later?

A

Sinuses

419
Q

What do these sinuses discharge?

A

Exudates

420
Q

What are the 2 exudates that the sinuses discharge?

A

Purulent

Seropurulent

421
Q

What do these exudates contain?

A

Grains

422
Q

Describe these grains

A

Fungal colonies

423
Q

What may occur in the late stages of Mycetoma in the limbs?

A

Destruction
Deformity
Loss of function

424
Q

What are destructed in the late stages of Mycetoma in the limbs?

A

Deeper tissues

425
Q

What is the microscopic picture of the Mycetoma the same as?

A

Actinomycosis

426
Q

What is seen in the microscopic picture of the Mycetoma? (2 points)

A

Colonies

Lesions

427
Q

What does the microscopic picture of the Mycetoma contain?

A

Fungus colony

428
Q

What is the center of the fungus colony?

A

hyphae

429
Q

What is the color of this hyphae when stained?

A

Blue

430
Q

What are these fungus colonies surrounded by?

A

Clubs

431
Q

Describe the location of these clubs

A

Peripheral

432
Q

What is the color of these peripheral clubs when stained?

A

Red

433
Q

Which 4 cells surround these colonies?

A

PNLS
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells

434
Q

Describe the number of these cells

A

Large

435
Q

What are the lesions surrounded with?

A

Fibrosis

Pathology (11 decks)

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