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Pathology > Infection; TB introduction > Flashcards

Infection; TB introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Infection

A

Invasion

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2
Q

What is invaded in an infection?

A

Living tissue

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3
Q

What invades the living tissue?

A

Pathogenic microorganisms

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4
Q

What is developed due to this invasion?

A

Pathological changes

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5
Q

How many types of Infection are there?

A

4

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of Infection?

A

Toxaemia
Bacteraemia
Septicaemia
Pyaemia

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7
Q

What is involved in the 4 types of Infection?

A

Circulation

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8
Q

Where do the 4 types of Infection circulate in?

A

Blood

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9
Q

What is circulated in blood in Toxaemia?

A

Toxins

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10
Q

What is caused due to the circulation of toxins in blood in Toxaemia?

A

Clinical and pathological manifestations

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11
Q

What is circulated in blood in Bacteraemia?

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

What doesn’t the bacteria undergo in Bacteraemia?

A

Multiplication

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13
Q

What is circulated in blood in Septicaemia?

A

Virulent microorganisms

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14
Q

Describe the number of these virulent microorganisms

A

Large

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15
Q

What do these virulent microorganisms undergo in Septicaemia?

A

Multiplication

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16
Q

What is produced by these virulent microorganisms which is also circulated in blood in Septicaemia?

A

Toxins

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17
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that causes Septicaemia?

A

Streptococcus Haemolyticus

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18
Q

What is the condition in which Streptococcus Haemolyticus causes Septicaemia?

A

Puerperal sepsis

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19
Q

What is circulated in blood in Pyaemia?

A

Septic emboli

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20
Q

What is the fate of this septic emboli in Pyaemia?

A

Impaction

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21
Q

Where is this septic emboli impacted in?

A

Different organs

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22
Q

Define TB (2 points)

A

Granuloma

Disease

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23
Q

Describe this granuloma (2 points)

A

Chronic

Infective

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24
Q

What does this chronic infective granuloma infect?

A

Nearly all body systems

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25
Q

What does this chronic infective granuloma mainly infect?

A

Lungs

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26
Q

What are the 4 causes of TB?

A

Poverty
Crowding
Old age
Debilitating diseases

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27
Q

What is the causative agent of TB?

A

TB bacilli

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28
Q

Describe this TB bacilli (4 points)

A

Aerobic
Acid fast
Non-motile
Non-toxigenic

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29
Q

What does this TB bacilli consist of?

A

Layers

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30
Q

How many layers does this TB bacilli consist of?

A

3

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31
Q

What are these 3 layers in which the TB bacilli is made of?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipid
Protein

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32
Q

What is the type of carbohydrate in which the TB bacilli is made of?

A

Polysaccharide

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33
Q

What are the types of TB? (2 points)

A

Human
Bovine
Others

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34
Q

What feature of a bacteria does the pathogenesis depend on?

A

Chemical structure

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35
Q

What are the 3 chemical structures of the bacteria in which the pathogenesis depend on?

A

Carbohydrate
Lipid capsule
Antigen

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36
Q

What is the bacterial antigen known as?

2 points

A

Tubercloprotein

Nucleoprotein

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37
Q

What is the function of the carbohydrate fraction?

A

Attraction

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38
Q

What does the carbohydrate attract?

A

Neutrophils

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39
Q

What is the type of neutrophils attracted by the carbohydrate fraction?

A

PNLS

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40
Q

What do these neutrophils do with the bacteria?

A

Engulfment

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41
Q

What cannot be done by the neutrophils to the bacteria?

A

Digestion

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42
Q

What do the neutrophils lack which make them unable to digest the bacteria?

A

Lipase

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43
Q

What are the 2 functions of the lipid fraction?

A

Protection

Chemotactic

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44
Q

What is the lipid fraction chemotactic to?

A

Macrophages

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45
Q

What do the Macrophages do with the bacteria when they are summoned by the lipid fraction?
(2 points)

A

Phagocytosis

Engulfment

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46
Q

What are the Macrophages unable to do after that?

A

Destruction

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47
Q

What do the Macrophages become after engulfing the bacteria?

A

Epithelioid cells

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48
Q

What do the Macrophages do after becoming Epithelioid cells?

A

Presentation

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49
Q

What do the Macrophages present?

A

Antigen

50
Q

What do the Macrophages present the antigen to?

A

T Lymphocytes

51
Q

How are the T lymphocytes affected by the antigen?

A

Stimulated

52
Q

Where will the T lymphocytes be accumulated around?

A

Epithelioid cells

53
Q

What is the function of the T Lymphocytes?

A

Secretion

54
Q

What does the T Lymphocyte secrete?

A

Factors

55
Q

How many factors does the T Lymphocyte secrete?

A

4

56
Q

What are the 4 factors that the T Lymphocyte secrete?

A

Macrophage chemotactic
Migration inhibition
Mitogenic
Cytotoxic

57
Q

What is the function of macrophage chemotactic factor?

A

Attraction

58
Q

What does the macrophage chemotactic factor attract?

A

More Macrophages

59
Q

The migration of what is inhibited by the migration inhibition factor?

A

Macrophages

60
Q

What is the function of the mitogenic factor?

A

Stimulation

61
Q

What does the mitogenic factor stimulate?

A

Migration

62
Q

The migration of what is stimulated by the mitogenic factor?

A

Lymphocytes

63
Q

What does the Cytotoxic factor cause?

A

Tissue necrosis

64
Q

What aren’t the causes of tissue changes?

2 points

A

Exotoxin

Endotoxin

65
Q

What causes tissue changes instead?

A

Host response to the organism

66
Q

What are the 2 forms of this response which are developed?

A

Cell-mediated hypertension

Immunity

67
Q

What is the type of the Cell- mediated hypertension?

A

IV

68
Q

What is the unit used to measure the tubercle?

A

mm

69
Q

What is the size range of the tubercle?

A

1-3

70
Q

What is present in the center of the tubercle in the gross picture?

A

Caseation

71
Q

What is the color of this caseation?

A

Yellow

72
Q

What is the color of the periphery of the tubercle in the gross picture?

A

Grey white

73
Q

What is used to stain the tubercle?

A

H & E

74
Q

Describe this central caseous material under the microscope

A

Structureless

75
Q

Describe the color of this central caseous material under the microscope

A

Eosinophilic

76
Q

What does this central caseous material lack under the microscope?

A

Cellular debris

77
Q

How many cells are present in the periphery of this tubercle under the microscope?

A

4

78
Q

What are the 4 cells are present in the periphery of this tubercle under the microscope?

A

Epithelioid cells
Langhan’s giant cells
Macrophages
Lymphocytes

79
Q

Describe the size of the Epithelioid cells in relation to the size of the Macrophages

A

Larger

80
Q

Describe the shape of the nuclei of the Epithelioid cells

A

Vesicular

81
Q

Describe the size of this vesicular nuclei of the Epithelioid cells

A

Large

82
Q

Describe the color of the cytoplasm of the Epithelioid cells

A

Eosinophilic

83
Q

Describe the cell borders of the Epithelioid cells

A

Indistinct

84
Q

What occurs in the periphery of the tubercle under the microscope?

A

Fibroblastic reaction

85
Q

What makes the pulmonary TB a favorable site for the bacteria?

A

Easy inhalation

Good aeration

86
Q

What are the 2 predisposing factors of TB in any organ?

A

Environmental

Personal

87
Q

What are the 3 predisposing environmental factors of TB in any organ?

A

Low socioeconomic state
Overcrowding
Pollution

88
Q

What are the 4 predisposing personal factors of TB in any organ?

A

Negros
Diabetes mellitus
Malnutrition
Immune deficiency state

89
Q

What are the 2 types of TB infection?

A

Primary

Secondary

90
Q

Which infection does the Primary TB occurs in?

A

First

91
Q

At which age does the Primary TB occur in?

2 points

A

Young

Childhood

92
Q

Which patients are infected with Primary TB?

A

Non immunized

93
Q

Describe the methods of Primary TB infection

A

Exogenous

94
Q

How many methods of Primary TB infection are there?

A

3

95
Q

What are the 3 methods of TB infection?

A

Inhalation
Ingestion
Direct contact

96
Q

How many sites of primary complex are there?

A

5

97
Q

What are the 5 sites of primary complex?

A 
Nose
Tonsil
Lung
Skin
Intestine
98
Q

Describe the reaction of the body against TB bacilli

A

Proliferative

99
Q

What is the primary complex formed of?

3 points

A

Parenchymatous lesions
TB Lymphadenitis
TB Lymphangitis

100
Q

What is present in the parenchymatous lesions?

2 points

A

Tubercles

Caseation

101
Q

Describe the caseation in the Primary TB

A

Minimal

102
Q

Where can the Primary TB be mainly spread in which is considered as a complication?
(2 points)

A

Lymphatic

Blood

103
Q

What is the Post primary TB also known as?

A

Secondary

104
Q

What is the Post primary TB also known as?

A

Secondary

105
Q

At which age does the Post primary TB occur in?

2 points

A

Middle

Adulthood

106
Q

Which patients are infected with Post primary TB?

A

Which have primary TB

Which take BCG vaccine

107
Q

Describe the methods of Post primary TB infection (2 points)

A

Endogenous

Exogenous

108
Q

How does the endogenous method of Post primary TB infection occur?

A

Reactivation

109
Q

How does the exogenous method of Post primary TB infection occur?

A

Reinfection

110
Q

What are the sites in which the Post primary TB occur in?

A

Any

111
Q

What are the 2 sites in which the Post primary TB mainly occur in?

A

Lung

Intestine

112
Q

What are 2 reactions of the body against TB bacilli?

A

Proliferative

113
Q

Where does these proliferative reactions occur in?

A

Solid organs

Tubercles

114
Q

What does these tubercles contain?

A

Caseation

115
Q

Describe this caseation

A

Marked

116
Q

Where does the exudative reactions occur in?

A

Covering

117
Q

What are the 3 covering in which these exudative reactions occur in?

A

Serous
Serofibrinous
Caseating

118
Q

What does the serous covering contain?

2 points

A

Tubercle

Exude

119
Q

Where can the Post primary TB be mainly spread in which is considered as a complication? (2 points)

A

Local

Natural passgaes

120
Q

What are the other 3 complications of the Post primary TB?

A

Fibrosis
Amyloidosis
Stress ulcers

Pathology (11 decks)

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