Infection; TB introduction Flashcards
Describe Infection
Invasion
What is invaded in an infection?
Living tissue
What invades the living tissue?
Pathogenic microorganisms
What is developed due to this invasion?
Pathological changes
How many types of Infection are there?
4
What are the 4 types of Infection?
Toxaemia
Bacteraemia
Septicaemia
Pyaemia
What is involved in the 4 types of Infection?
Circulation
Where do the 4 types of Infection circulate in?
Blood
What is circulated in blood in Toxaemia?
Toxins
What is caused due to the circulation of toxins in blood in Toxaemia?
Clinical and pathological manifestations
What is circulated in blood in Bacteraemia?
Bacteria
What doesn’t the bacteria undergo in Bacteraemia?
Multiplication
What is circulated in blood in Septicaemia?
Virulent microorganisms
Describe the number of these virulent microorganisms
Large
What do these virulent microorganisms undergo in Septicaemia?
Multiplication
What is produced by these virulent microorganisms which is also circulated in blood in Septicaemia?
Toxins
What is an example of a bacteria that causes Septicaemia?
Streptococcus Haemolyticus
What is the condition in which Streptococcus Haemolyticus causes Septicaemia?
Puerperal sepsis
What is circulated in blood in Pyaemia?
Septic emboli
What is the fate of this septic emboli in Pyaemia?
Impaction
Where is this septic emboli impacted in?
Different organs
Define TB (2 points)
Granuloma
Disease
Describe this granuloma (2 points)
Chronic
Infective
What does this chronic infective granuloma infect?
Nearly all body systems
What does this chronic infective granuloma mainly infect?
Lungs
What are the 4 causes of TB?
Poverty
Crowding
Old age
Debilitating diseases
What is the causative agent of TB?
TB bacilli
Describe this TB bacilli (4 points)
Aerobic
Acid fast
Non-motile
Non-toxigenic
What does this TB bacilli consist of?
Layers
How many layers does this TB bacilli consist of?
3
What are these 3 layers in which the TB bacilli is made of?
Carbohydrates
Lipid
Protein
What is the type of carbohydrate in which the TB bacilli is made of?
Polysaccharide
What are the types of TB? (2 points)
Human
Bovine
Others
What feature of a bacteria does the pathogenesis depend on?
Chemical structure
What are the 3 chemical structures of the bacteria in which the pathogenesis depend on?
Carbohydrate
Lipid capsule
Antigen
What is the bacterial antigen known as?
2 points
Tubercloprotein
Nucleoprotein
What is the function of the carbohydrate fraction?
Attraction
What does the carbohydrate attract?
Neutrophils
What is the type of neutrophils attracted by the carbohydrate fraction?
PNLS
What do these neutrophils do with the bacteria?
Engulfment
What cannot be done by the neutrophils to the bacteria?
Digestion
What do the neutrophils lack which make them unable to digest the bacteria?
Lipase
What are the 2 functions of the lipid fraction?
Protection
Chemotactic
What is the lipid fraction chemotactic to?
Macrophages
What do the Macrophages do with the bacteria when they are summoned by the lipid fraction?
(2 points)
Phagocytosis
Engulfment
What are the Macrophages unable to do after that?
Destruction
What do the Macrophages become after engulfing the bacteria?
Epithelioid cells
What do the Macrophages do after becoming Epithelioid cells?
Presentation
What do the Macrophages present?
Antigen
What do the Macrophages present the antigen to?
T Lymphocytes
How are the T lymphocytes affected by the antigen?
Stimulated
Where will the T lymphocytes be accumulated around?
Epithelioid cells
What is the function of the T Lymphocytes?
Secretion
What does the T Lymphocyte secrete?
Factors
How many factors does the T Lymphocyte secrete?
4
What are the 4 factors that the T Lymphocyte secrete?
Macrophage chemotactic
Migration inhibition
Mitogenic
Cytotoxic
What is the function of macrophage chemotactic factor?
Attraction
What does the macrophage chemotactic factor attract?
More Macrophages
The migration of what is inhibited by the migration inhibition factor?
Macrophages
What is the function of the mitogenic factor?
Stimulation
What does the mitogenic factor stimulate?
Migration
The migration of what is stimulated by the mitogenic factor?
Lymphocytes
What does the Cytotoxic factor cause?
Tissue necrosis
What aren’t the causes of tissue changes?
2 points
Exotoxin
Endotoxin
What causes tissue changes instead?
Host response to the organism
What are the 2 forms of this response which are developed?
Cell-mediated hypertension
Immunity
What is the type of the Cell- mediated hypertension?
IV
What is the unit used to measure the tubercle?
mm
What is the size range of the tubercle?
1-3
What is present in the center of the tubercle in the gross picture?
Caseation
What is the color of this caseation?
Yellow
What is the color of the periphery of the tubercle in the gross picture?
Grey white
What is used to stain the tubercle?
H & E
Describe this central caseous material under the microscope
Structureless
Describe the color of this central caseous material under the microscope
Eosinophilic
What does this central caseous material lack under the microscope?
Cellular debris
How many cells are present in the periphery of this tubercle under the microscope?
4
What are the 4 cells are present in the periphery of this tubercle under the microscope?
Epithelioid cells
Langhan’s giant cells
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Describe the size of the Epithelioid cells in relation to the size of the Macrophages
Larger
Describe the shape of the nuclei of the Epithelioid cells
Vesicular
Describe the size of this vesicular nuclei of the Epithelioid cells
Large
Describe the color of the cytoplasm of the Epithelioid cells
Eosinophilic
Describe the cell borders of the Epithelioid cells
Indistinct
What occurs in the periphery of the tubercle under the microscope?
Fibroblastic reaction
What makes the pulmonary TB a favorable site for the bacteria?
Easy inhalation
Good aeration
What are the 2 predisposing factors of TB in any organ?
Environmental
Personal
What are the 3 predisposing environmental factors of TB in any organ?
Low socioeconomic state
Overcrowding
Pollution
What are the 4 predisposing personal factors of TB in any organ?
Negros
Diabetes mellitus
Malnutrition
Immune deficiency state
What are the 2 types of TB infection?
Primary
Secondary
Which infection does the Primary TB occurs in?
First
At which age does the Primary TB occur in?
2 points
Young
Childhood
Which patients are infected with Primary TB?
Non immunized
Describe the methods of Primary TB infection
Exogenous
How many methods of Primary TB infection are there?
3
What are the 3 methods of TB infection?
Inhalation
Ingestion
Direct contact
How many sites of primary complex are there?
5
What are the 5 sites of primary complex?
Nose Tonsil Lung Skin Intestine
Describe the reaction of the body against TB bacilli
Proliferative
What is the primary complex formed of?
3 points
Parenchymatous lesions
TB Lymphadenitis
TB Lymphangitis
What is present in the parenchymatous lesions?
2 points
Tubercles
Caseation
Describe the caseation in the Primary TB
Minimal
Where can the Primary TB be mainly spread in which is considered as a complication?
(2 points)
Lymphatic
Blood
What is the Post primary TB also known as?
Secondary
What is the Post primary TB also known as?
Secondary
At which age does the Post primary TB occur in?
2 points
Middle
Adulthood
Which patients are infected with Post primary TB?
Which have primary TB
Which take BCG vaccine
Describe the methods of Post primary TB infection (2 points)
Endogenous
Exogenous
How does the endogenous method of Post primary TB infection occur?
Reactivation
How does the exogenous method of Post primary TB infection occur?
Reinfection
What are the sites in which the Post primary TB occur in?
Any
What are the 2 sites in which the Post primary TB mainly occur in?
Lung
Intestine
What are 2 reactions of the body against TB bacilli?
Proliferative
Where does these proliferative reactions occur in?
Solid organs
Tubercles
What does these tubercles contain?
Caseation
Describe this caseation
Marked
Where does the exudative reactions occur in?
Covering
What are the 3 covering in which these exudative reactions occur in?
Serous
Serofibrinous
Caseating
What does the serous covering contain?
2 points
Tubercle
Exude
Where can the Post primary TB be mainly spread in which is considered as a complication? (2 points)
Local
Natural passgaes
What are the other 3 complications of the Post primary TB?
Fibrosis
Amyloidosis
Stress ulcers
