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Pathology > Chapter 2: Cell Injury > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors that affect cell injury?

5 points

A 
Injured tissue type
Duration
Severity
Adaptability
Genetic Makeup
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2
Q

What are the 2 examples that adapt to Hypoxia?

A

Brain tissue

Skeletal muscles

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3
Q

Describe the Brain tissue in response to Hypoxia

A

Very sensitive

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4
Q

For how long can the Brain tissue adapt to Hypoxia?

A

2-5 min

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5
Q

For how long can the Skeletal muscles adapt to Hypoxia?

A

2-6 hours

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6
Q

What are the causes of cell injury?

8 points

A

Oxygen:
Deprivation
Free radicals

Physical agents
Radiation
Trauma
Infectious Organisms
Immunologic Reactions
Genetic Derangements 
Nutritional Imbalances
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7
Q

What are the 2 forms of Oxygen Deprivation?

A

Hypoxia

Ischemia

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of Physical agents?

A

Heat

Cold

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9
Q

Describe these 2 Physical agents

A

Excess

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10
Q

What are the 2 forms of Nutritional Imbalances?

A

Starvation

Obesity

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11
Q

What is the most important cause of cell injury?

A

Oxygen deprivation

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12
Q

Define Adaptation

A

Cell modification

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13
Q

What are the 2 cell factors which are modified in Adaptation?

A

Morphology

Function

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14
Q

What gave rise to cell Adaptation?

A

Stress

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15
Q

Describe Adaptation

A

Reversible

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16
Q

What is a function of Adaptation?

A

Preserve

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17
Q

What does Adaptation preserves?

A

Cell viability

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of Adaptations?

A

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia

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19
Q

What are affected in Atrophy?

2 points

A

Tissue
Or
Organ

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20
Q

What are affected in these tissues or organs?

2 points

A

Size

Weight

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21
Q

How are the size and weight affected in these tissues or organs?

A

Decrease

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22
Q

What cause a decrease in size and weight of tissues or organs in Atrophy?

A

Parenchymal cells

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23
Q

What exactly in the Parenchymal cells causes a decrease in size and weight of tissues or organs in Atrophy?

A

Component

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24
Q

What are the 3 affected components of the Parenchymal cells that cause this decrease?

A

Number
Size
Number & Size

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25
Q

How are these 3 components of Parenchymal cells affected?

A

Decrease

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of Atrophy?

A

Physiological

Pathological

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of Physiological and Pathological Atrophy?

A

General

Local

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28
Q

What is an example of General Physiological Atrophy?

A

Senility

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29
Q

Where does Local Physiological Atrophy occur in? (3 points)

A

New Born
Adult
Menopause

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30
Q

Where does Local Physiological Atrophy occur in New Born? (2 points)

A

Umbilical vessels

Adrenal cortex

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31
Q

Which New Born condition is Local Physiological Atrophy found in?

A

Ductus Arteriosus

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32
Q

Where does Local Physiological Atrophy occur in Adult?

A

Thymus

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33
Q

When does Local Physiological Atrophy is found in the Thymus of an adult?

A

At puberty

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34
Q

Where does Local Physiological Atrophy occur in Menopause?

A

Female genital tract

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35
Q

What is are the examples of General Pathological Atrophy? (4 points)

A

Starvation
TB
Cancer
Hormonal

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36
Q

Which hormones does Hormonal Pathological Atrophy occur in?

A

Pituitary Tropic

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37
Q

How are these Pituitary hormones affected in Hormonal Pathological Atrophy?

A

Decreased

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38
Q

What are the examples of Local Pathological Atrophy?

7 points

A 
Disuse
Pressure
Neurogenic
Immunologic
Ischemic
Thermal
Hormonal
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39
Q

What is an example in which Disuse Pathological Atrophy occurs in?

A

Limb put in Plaster cast

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40
Q

What undergoes Atrophy when the limb is put in Plaster cast?

A

Limb muscles

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41
Q

What is an example in which Neurogenic Pathological Atrophy occurs in?

A

Poliomyelitis

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42
Q

What undergoes Atrophy in Poliomyelitis?

A

Muscle

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43
Q

What are the 2 types of Pressure Pathological Atrophy?

A

Exogenous

Endogenous

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44
Q

What is an example in which Exogenous Pressure Pathological Atrophy occurs in?

A

Aortic Aneurysm

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45
Q

What undergoes Atrophy in Aortic Aneurysm?

A

Vertebrae

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46
Q

What is an example in which Endogenous Pressure Pathological Atrophy occurs in?

A

Hydatid cyst

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47
Q

What undergoes Atrophy in Hydatid cyst?

A

Liver cells

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48
Q

What is an example in which Thermal Pathological Atrophy occurs in?

A

Undescended Testicles

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49
Q

Describe the Atrophy in this example of Thermal Pathological Atrophy?

A

Testicular

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50
Q

What is an example in which Immunologic Pathological Atrophy occurs in?

A

Autoimmune atrophic Gastritis

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51
Q

Describe the Atrophy in Hormonal Pathological Atrophy

A

Adrenal

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52
Q

What causes this Adrenal Atrophy?

A

ACTH absence

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53
Q

What is affected in Hypertrophy?

A

Organ

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54
Q

What are affected in these organs?

2 points

A

Size

Weight

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55
Q

How are the size and weight affected in these organs?

A

Increase

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56
Q

What cause an increase in size and weight of organ in Hypertrophy?

A

Its cells

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57
Q

What exactly in the organ cells causes an increase in size and weight of organs in Hypertrophy?

A

Component

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58
Q

What is affected in the component of the organ cells that causes this increase?

A

Size

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59
Q

What is Hypertrophy related to?

A

Muscles

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60
Q

What are the 3 types of Hypertrophy?

A

Physiological
Pathological
Compensatory

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61
Q

What are the reasons of the occurrence of Physiological Hypertrophy? (2 points)

A

Demands

Hormonal

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62
Q

Describe these demands (2 points)

A

Excess

Functional

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63
Q

What is an example in which Hormonal Physiological Hypertrophy occurs in?

A

Smooth muscles

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64
Q

Where are the smooth muscles in which the the Hormonal Physiological Hypertrophy occurs in?

A

Uterus

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65
Q

What are the 2 types of Pathological Hypertrophy?

A

Hormonal

Adaptive

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66
Q

Describe this uterus

A

Pregnant

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67
Q

What are the examples in which Hormonal Pathological Hypertrophy occur in?
(2 points)

A

Acromegaly

Gigantism

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68
Q

Where does the Adaptive Pathological Hypertrophy occur in?

A

Muscular hollow organs

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69
Q

Why does the Adaptive Pathological Hypertrophy occur in Muscular hollow organs?

A

To overcome distal obstruction

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70
Q

What are the examples in which the Pathological Adaptive Hypertrophy occur in? (2 points)

A

Heart

Smooth muscles

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71
Q

Where does the Pathological Adaptive Hypertrophy occur in the heart?

A

Ventricles

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72
Q

What is an example in which the Pathological Adaptive Hypertrophy occur in the left ventricle of the heart?

A

Pulmonary Hypertension

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73
Q

What are the examples in which the Pathological Adaptive Hypertrophy occur in the right ventricle of the heart? (2 points)

A

Aortic valve lesions

Systemic Hypertension

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74
Q

What are examples of organs in which their smooth muscles undergo Pathological Adaptive Hypertrophy?
(2 points)

A

Oesophagus

Stomach

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75
Q

What is an example in which the Pathological Adaptive Hypertrophy occurs in, in the smooth muscles of the Oesophagus?

A

Cardiac achalasia

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76
Q

What is an example in which the Pathological Adaptive Hypertrophy occurs in, in the smooth muscles of the Stomach?

A

Pyloric stenosis

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77
Q

When can Compensatory Hypertrophy occur in?

A

After Nephrectomy

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78
Q

Which patient can Compensatory Hypertrophy occur in after Nephrectomy?

A

Young

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79
Q

Where can Compensatory Hypertrophy occur on after Nephrectomy of young patients?

A

One side

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80
Q

What are affected in Hyperplasia?

2 points

A

Tissue
Or
Organ

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81
Q

What are affected in these tissues or organs?

2 points

A

Size

Weight

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82
Q

How are the size and weight affected in these tissues or organs?

A

Increase

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83
Q

What cause an increase in size and weight of tissues or organs in Hyperplasia?

A

Specialized cells

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84
Q

What is affected in the Specialized cells that causes this increase?

A

Number

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85
Q

How is the number of these Specialized cells affected?

A

Increase

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86
Q

What does the Hyperplasia respond to?

A

Stimulus

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87
Q

Describe this stimulus

A

Particular

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88
Q

Where does Hyperplasia occur in?

2 points

A

Tissues
Or
Organs

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89
Q

What are these tissues or organs ,where Hyperplasia occur in, composed of?

A

Dividing cells

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90
Q

What are the 2 types of dividing cells?

A

Labile

Stable

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91
Q

When do these cells divide in?

A

Postnatal life

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92
Q

What are the 2 types of Hyperplasia?

A

Physiological

Pathological

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93
Q

What is an example in which Physiological Hyperplasia occur in?

A

Female Glandular Hyperplasia

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94
Q

What are the 2 Female Glandular Hyperplasia?

A

Breast

Thyroid

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95
Q

When does Female Breast and Thyroid Glandular Hyperplasia occur?

A

At Puberty

During lactation

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96
Q

When does Female Breast Glandular Hyperplasia also occur at?

A

Pregnancy

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97
Q

What are the 3 types of Pathological Hyperplasia?

A

Compensatory
Hormonal
Irritative

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98
Q

What are the examples where Compensatory Pathological Hyperplasia occur in? (4 points)

A

Liver cells
Thyroid Epithelial cells
Kidney’s nephrons
Bone Marrow

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99
Q

When does the Compensatory Pathological Hyperplasia occur in Liver cells and Thyroid Epithelial cells?

A

After their:
Destruction
Or
Removal

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100
Q

Describe the destruction or removal of these Liver cells and Thyroid Epithelial cells?

A

Partial

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101
Q

When does the Compensatory Pathological Hyperplasia occur in the nephrons of the kidney?

A

After Nephrectomy

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102
Q

Which nephrons of the kidney is where the Compensatory Pathological Hyperplasia occur in?

A

Remaining

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103
Q

When does the Compensatory Pathological Hyperplasia occur in Bone marrow?

A

After hemorrhage

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104
Q

Describe the Hormonal Hyperplasia that occurs in females

A

Estrogen Endometrial

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105
Q

Describe the Hormonal Hyperplasia that occurs in males

A

Prostatic

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106
Q

What are examples of clinical significance of Hyperplasia? (3 points)

A

Mass
Uterine Bleeding
Neoplasia risk

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107
Q

Where can the mass be found in? (3 points)

A

Breast
Prostate
Thyroid

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108
Q

Describe the Hyperplasia where in which Uterine bleeding and Neoplastic risk occurs in

A

Endometrial

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109
Q

Describe the Neoplastic risk in Hyperplasia

A

Increased

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110
Q

Describe the Endometrial Hyperplasia in the Neoplastic risk

A

Atypical

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111
Q

What occurs in Metaplasia?

A

Substitution

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112
Q

What is substituted?

A

One adult fully differentiated cell type

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113
Q

What is this one adult fully differentiated cell types substituted by?

A

Another adult cell type

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114
Q

Describe the other adult cell type

A

Of same category

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115
Q

What does Metaplasia respond to?

A

Environmental changes

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116
Q

What type of cells does Metaplasia occur in?

A

Proliferating

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117
Q

When do these cells proliferate in?

A

Postnatal life

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118
Q

What are the 3 types of Metaplasia?

A

Epithelial
Mesothelial
Connective Tissue

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119
Q

What are the causes of Epithelial Metaplasia? (4 points)

A

Chronic irritation
Gene activation
Avitaminosis
Unknown causes

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120
Q

What are the 2 types of Epithelial Metaplasia?

A

Squamous

Glandular

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121
Q

What occurs in Squamous and Glandular Metaplasia?

A

Epithelium Transformation

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122
Q

Which type of Epithelium transforms in Squamous Metaplasia?

A

Columnar

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123
Q

Which type of Epithelium does Columnar Epithelium transforms into?

A

Stratified squamous

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124
Q

Where can Columnar Epithelium be found in?

3 points

A

Bronchi
Endocervix
Gall bladder

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125
Q

Where is the bronchi in which Columnar Epithelium can be found in?

A

Smokers

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126
Q

Which type of Epithelium transforms in Glandular Metaplasia?

A

Stratified squamous

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127
Q

Which type of Epithelium does Columnar Epithelium transforms into?

A

Intestinal

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128
Q

Where can Stratified Squamous Epithelium be found in?

A

Oesophagus

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129
Q

Which part of the Oesophagus is where Stratified Squamous Epithelium found in?

A

Lower end

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130
Q

What is an example in which Glandular Metaplasia occur in?

A

Reflux esophagitis

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131
Q

What is an example in which Connective tissue Metaplasia occur in?

A

Myositis ossificans

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132
Q

What occurs in this example of Connective tissue Metaplasia?

A

Fibrosis Transformation

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133
Q

What does this Fibrosis transform into?

A

Bone

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134
Q

Where does the Fibrosis changes to bone?

A

Muscle

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135
Q

Which muscle is where Fibrosis changes to bone?

A

Traumatized

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136
Q

What is the action of this Fibrosis in the traumatized muscle?

A

Replacement

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137
Q

What does this Fibrosis replace?

A

Hematoma

138
Q

What is a Metaplasia Prognosis?

A

Reversible

139
Q

What can the Metaplasia be as a Prognosis?

A

Precancerous

140
Q

Which type of Metaplasia can be precancerous?

A

Epithelial

141
Q

What are the 2 reversible cellular changes?

A

Hydrophobic

Fatty

142
Q

What is Hydrophobic change also known as?

A

Cloudy Swelling

143
Q

Why is Hydrophobic change reversible?

A

Agents can be removed

144
Q

Describe these agents (2 points)

A

Injurious

Etiological

145
Q

What are these agents? (5 points)

A 
Toxins
Chemicals
Poisons
Burns
Fever
146
Q

Describe these toxins

A

Bacterial

147
Q

Describe this Fever

A

High

148
Q

What does the Hydrophobic change results from?

A

Impaired regulation

149
Q

What’s regulation is impaired? (2 points)

A

Sodium

Potassium

150
Q

At which level is sodium and potassium regulation impaired?

A

Cell membrane

151
Q

What does the impaired regulation of sodium and potassium results in? (2 points)

A

Accumulation

Escape

152
Q

Describe this accumulation

A

Intracellular

153
Q

What is accumulated?

A

Sodium

154
Q

What escapes?

A

Potassium

155
Q

What is resulted from the intracellular accumulation of sodium and escape of potassium?

A

Water flow

156
Q

Describe this flow

A

Rapid

157
Q

What does the water flow into?

A

Cell

158
Q

What is the purpose of this water flow?

A

Maintenance

159
Q

What does the water flow maintain?

A

Iso-osmotic conditions

160
Q

Where does the Hydropic Change occur in?

A

Organs

161
Q

What are these organs rich in?

A

Mitochondria

162
Q

Describe the size of the organ where the Hydrophobic change occurs in

A

Enlarged

163
Q

Describe the color of the organ where the Hydrophobic change occurs in

A

Pale

164
Q

Describe the capsule of the organ where the Hydrophobic change occurs in

A

Tense

165
Q

Describe the borders of the organ where the Hydrophobic change occurs in

A

Rounded

166
Q

Describe the organ where the Hydrophobic change occurs in ,when touched

A

Soft

167
Q

Describe the cross section of the organ where the Hydrophobic change occurs in

A

Bulging

168
Q

Describe the cells of the organ where the Hydrophobic change occurs in under the microscopic examination

A

Swollen

169
Q

Describe the cytoplasm where the Hydrophobic change occurs in under the microscopic examination

A

Granular

170
Q

Describe the nucleus of where the Hydrophobic change occurs in under the microscopic examination

A

Normal

171
Q

What are examples where the Hydrophobic change can be found in? (3 points)

A

Hepatocytes
Renal Tubules
Cardiac Muscles

172
Q

What is a form of Hydrophobic change?

A

Hydropic Degeneration

173
Q

Describe Hydropic Degeneration

A

Severe

174
Q

What is the action of cytoplasm in an organ where the Hydropic Degeneration occurs in?

A

Accumulation

175
Q

What does the cytoplasm accumulates?

A

Water vacuoles

176
Q

What is an example of an organ where the Hydropic Degeneration occurs in?

A

Liver

177
Q

What may cause Hydrophobic Degeneration in the Liver

A

Alcohol

178
Q

What is caused as a result of Hydrophobic Degeneration in the Liver, due to alcohol?
(2 points)

A

CCL4 Toxicity

Viral Hepatitis

179
Q

Describe Fatty Change

A

Triglycerides accumulation

180
Q

Where do the Triglycerides accumulate inside?

A

Parenchymal cells

181
Q

What causes Triglycerides accumulation?

A

Imbalance

182
Q

What does the imbalance occur between?

3 points

A

Uptake
Utilization
Secretion

183
Q

What has an imbalance between its Uptake, Utilization and Secretion?

A

Fat

184
Q

Where does Fatty Change usually occur in?

3 points

A

Liver
Heart
Kidney

185
Q

What are the causes of a Fatty Liver?

5 points

A 
Alcohol
Diabetes Mellitus
Malnutrition
Obesity 
Poisoning
186
Q

What are the fatty acid mechanisms that results in a Fatty Liver?
(4 points)

A

Entry
Synthesis
Oxidation
Esterification

187
Q

Describe the fatty acid entry that results in a Fatty Liver

A

Increased

188
Q

What are the causes that lead to increased fatty acid entry in the liver? (3 points)

A

Obesity
Starvation
Cortisone therapy

189
Q

Describe the fatty acid synthesis that results in a Fatty Liver

A

Increased

190
Q

What is this fatty acid synthesized from?

A

Acetate

191
Q

What leads to increased fatty acid synthesis in the liver?

A

Alcoholism

192
Q

Describe the fatty acid oxidation that results in a Fatty Liver

A

Decreased

193
Q

What are the causes that lead to decreased fatty acid oxidation in the liver? (3 points)

A

Hypoxia
Anemia
Respiratory failure

194
Q

Describe the fatty acid esterification that results in a Fatty Liver

A

Increased

195
Q

What are the fatty acids esterified into?

A

Triglycerides

196
Q

What are the causes that lead to increased fatty acid esterification into triglycerides in the liver? (2 points)

A

DM

Alcoholism

197
Q

What mechanism also results in a Fatty Liver?

A

Apoprotein formation

198
Q

How is the apoprotein formation affected resulting in a Fatty Liver?

A

Decreased

199
Q

What are the causes that lead to decreased apoprotein formation? (3 points)

A

Protein mal-nutrition
Alcoholism
CCL4 toxicity

200
Q

Describe the size of a Fatty Liver

A

Enlarged

201
Q

What is the range weight of a Fatty Liver?

A

3-6 kg

202
Q

What is the color of a Fatty Liver?

A

Yellow

203
Q

Describe the borders of a Fatty Liver

A

Rounded

204
Q

Describe the Fatty Liver when touched

A

Soft

205
Q

Describe the cross section of a Fatty Liver

A

Bulging

206
Q

Describe the cross section of a Fatty Liver when touched

A

Greasy

207
Q

What is the Fatty Liver stained by?

A

H&E

208
Q

What does the fat accumulated in the hepatocytes of a Fatty Liver appear like?

A

Vacuoles

209
Q

Describe these vacuoles

A

Clear

210
Q

Describe the size of these vacuoles at first

A

Small

211
Q

What are these small vacuoles known as?

A

Microsteatosis

212
Q

What happens to these vacuoles later on?

A

Fuse

213
Q

What do these vacuoles form after their fusion?

A

One vacuole

214
Q

Describe this single vacuole

A

Large

215
Q

What does this single large vacuole do?

A

Pushes nucleus

216
Q

Where is this nucleus pushed to?

A

One cell side

217
Q

Describe this nucleus after it’s pushed

A

Flattened

218
Q

What would then the cell be known as?

A

Signet ring

219
Q

What are the 2 types of a heart fatty change?

A

Localized

Diffusion

220
Q

Describe the case where the localized fatty change occurs in the Heart

A

Moderate

221
Q

What mostly causes the localized fatty change in a Heart?

A

Anemia

222
Q

What does the localized fatty change in a Heart give? (2 points)

A

Streaks

Fibers

223
Q

Describe the occurrence of these streaks and fibers together

A

Alternating

224
Q

What is the color of these streaks?

A

Yellow

225
Q

What is the color of these fibers?

A

Dark brown

226
Q

Describe the appearance of these yellow streaks alternating with dark brown fibers
(2 points)

A

Tigroid

Tabby cat

227
Q

Which case is where the diffuse fatty change occurs in the Heart?

A

Toxicity

228
Q

Describe this toxicity

A

Severe

229
Q

What is an example where the diffuse fatty change occurs in the Heart?

A

Diphtheria

230
Q

What does the diffuse fatty change that occur in the Heart results in? (2 points)

A

Myocarditis

Heart failure

231
Q

Describe the myocarditis

A

Toxic

232
Q

Describe this heart failure

A

Acute

233
Q

What is a fat routinely stained by?

A

H&E

234
Q

What happens to this fat?

A

Dissolved

235
Q

What dissolved this fat?

A

Organic solvents

236
Q

When is this fat dissolved by organic solvents?

A

During preparation

237
Q

What are the other 2 stains used to demonstrate fat?

A

Sudan III

Osmic acid

238
Q

What is the color of the fat when stained with Sudan III?

A

Orange red

239
Q

What is the color of the fat when stained with Osmic acid?

A

Black

240
Q

Which fat is demonstrated using Sudan III

and Osmic acid?

A

Frozen

241
Q

Describe Necrosis

A

Death

242
Q

What is dead?

A

Cells

243
Q

Describe the occurrence of these cells

A

Group

244
Q

Where do these cells die inside?

A

Organism

245
Q

What is the nature of this organism?

A

Living

246
Q

What are the 2 factors which characterize irreversible cell damage?

A

Damage/Dysfunction

Calcium

247
Q

Describe this damage/dysfunction

A

Mitochondrial

248
Q

Describe this Mitochondrial damage/dysfunction

A

Irreversible

249
Q

Describe this Calcium

A

Intracellular

250
Q

Describe the level of the intracellular Calcium so that it characterizes the irreversibility of cell damage

A

Increased

251
Q

What does the irreversible Mitochondrial damage/dysfunction affect so that it characterizes the irreversibility of cell damage?

A

ATP

252
Q

How is the ATP affected by the irreversible Mitochondrial damage/dysfunction affect so that it characterizes the irreversibility of cell damage?

A

Decreased

253
Q

What does the increased level of intracellular Calcium cause so that it characterizes the irreversibility of cell damage?

A

Activation

254
Q

What are activated due to the increased level of intracellular Calcium cause so that it characterizes the irreversibility of cell damage?

A

Many enzymes

255
Q

What are the enzymes activated due to the increased level of intracellular Calcium cause so that it characterizes the irreversibility of cell damage? (3 points)

A

Protease
Phospholipase
Endonuclease

256
Q

What are the cell components affected in Necrosis?

4 points

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus

257
Q

What happens to the cell membrane in Necrosis?

A

Disappears

258
Q

Describe the cytoplasm and mitochondria in Necrosis

A

Swollen

259
Q

What happens to the cytoplasm and mitochondria in Necrosis?

A

Rupture

260
Q

What do the cytoplasm and mitochondria form after their rapture in Necrosis?

A

Myelin figures

261
Q

What could happen to these Myelin figures?

A

Calcification

262
Q

What could happen to these Myelin figures?

A

Calcification

263
Q

What are the 3 Nuclear changes that occur in in Necrosis?

A

Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis

264
Q

What happens to the nucleus in Pyknosis?

A

Shrinks

265
Q

What is also affected in Pyknosis?

A

Basophilia

266
Q

How is Basophilia affected in Pyknosis?

A

Increased

267
Q

Describe Karyorrhexis in Necrosis

A

Pyknoti nucleus fragments

268
Q

What is affected in Karyolysis?

A

Chromatin

269
Q

What is this chromatin for?

A

Basophilia

270
Q

What happens to the chromatin of basophilia in Karyolysis?

A

Fades

271
Q

What are the types of Necrosis? (6 points)

A 
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
Fibrinoid
Gangrenous
272
Q

What is the most common type of necrosis?

A

Coagulative

273
Q

What are the 2 types of fat necrosis?

A

Traumatic

Enzymatic

274
Q

What is Coagulative necrosis known as?

A

Ischemic

275
Q

Where does the Coagulative necrosis occur in? (2 points)

A

Infractions

All Organs

276
Q

What is the site where Coagulative necrosis doesn’t occur in?

A

CNS

277
Q

What occur in Coagulative necrosis?

2 points

A

Denaturation

Digestion

278
Q

What is denatured in Coagulative necrosis?

A

Protein

279
Q

Describe the digestion that occurs in Coagulative necrosis

A

Enzymatic

280
Q

What predominates in Coagulative necrosis?

A

Protein denaturation

281
Q

Describe the Cytoplasm in Coagulative necrosis (3 points)

A

Homogenous
Glassy
Eosinophilic

282
Q

What are lost so that the Cytoplasm appear Homogenous, Glassy and Eosinophilic in Coagulative necrosis? (2 points)

A

RNA

Glycogen

283
Q

Describe this RNA (2 points)

A

Cytoplasmic

Basophilic

284
Q

Describe the cell’s basic outline in Coagulative necrosis

A

Preserved

285
Q

Describe the cell’s basic details in Coagulative necrosis

A

Lost

286
Q

What usually causes Liquefactive necrosis?

A

Dissolution

287
Q

Describe this dissolution

A

Enzymatic

288
Q

What is an enzyme that causes dissolution?

A

Proteolytic

289
Q

Which cells release Proteolytic enzyme?

A

Neutrophils

290
Q

What does Proteolytic enzyme dissolve?

A

Necrotic cells

291
Q

Where does the liquefactive necrosis mostly occur in? (3 points)

A

Infraction
CNS
Abscesses

292
Q

What causes Caseous necrosis? (2 points)

A

Mycobacterial TB

Infection

293
Q

Describe this infection

A

Fungal

294
Q

Where does Caseous Necrosis occur in?

A

Any organ

295
Q

What does Caseous Necrosis appear like?

A

Cheese-like material

296
Q

What is seen under the microscope in Caseous Necrosis? (2 points)

A

Granuloma

Debris

297
Q

Describe the size of this Granuloma

A

Large

298
Q

Where can this large Granuloma be found in?

A

Histiocytes

299
Q

Describe the region of this debris

A

Central

300
Q

Describe this debris (2 points)

A

Amorphous

Granular

301
Q

What are lost in Caseous Necrosis? (2 points)

A

Nuclei

Cell outlines

302
Q

What causes Fat necrosis?

A

Lipase action

303
Q

What does Lipase act on?

A

Adipocytes

304
Q

What is caused by Fat necrosis?

A

Pancreatitis

305
Q

Describe this Pancreatitis

A

Acute

306
Q

What is the color of Fat Necrosis?

A

Chalky white

307
Q

What is the Fibrinoid Necrosis a form of?

A

Connective Tissue

308
Q

What does the Fibrinoid Necrosis resemble?

A

Fibrin

309
Q

Describe the appearance of Fibrinoid Necrosis under the microscope (2 points)

A

Eosinophilic

Homogeneous

310
Q

What does Eosinophilic means?

A

Pink

311
Q

Where is Fibrinoid necrosis usually seen in?

A

Blood Vessels walls

312
Q

What does Fibrinoid necrosis cause?

A

Vasculitis

313
Q

Describe Apoptosis

A

Death

314
Q

Describe this death

A

Programmed

315
Q

What is dead in Apoptosis?

A

Cell

316
Q

How many cells die in Apoptosis?

A

Single

317
Q

Which do the cells which are removed by Apoptosis have?

A

DNA damage

318
Q

Describe this DNA damage

A

Irreparable

319
Q

What causes this DNA damage? (4 points)

A

Irradiation
Or
Drugs

Viruses
Free radicals

320
Q

What are these irradiation and drugs used for?

A

Chemotherapy

321
Q

Through what do these irradiation/drugs ,used for Chemotherapy, result in DNA damage?

A

P53-dependent pathway

322
Q

What is the function of Apoptosis?

A

Protection

323
Q

What does Apoptosis protect against?

A

Neoplastic transformation

324
Q

What does the Apoptotic cell appear as?

A

Mass

325
Q

Describe the shape of this mass (2 points)

A

Round

Oval

326
Q

Describe the color of the cytoplasm in the Apoptotic cell (2 points)

A

Dark

Eosinophilic

327
Q

What are the 2 types of Apoptosis?

A

Physiological

Pathological

328
Q

What are examples of Physiological Apoptosis? (3 points)

A

Embryogenesis
Menstruation
Thymus

329
Q

What occurs in the Thymus in Apoptosis?

A

Selective death

330
Q

Which cells selectively die in the Thymus in Apoptosis?

A

Lymphocytes

331
Q

What are examples of Pathological Apoptosis? (3 points)

A

Viral Hepatitis
Graft-Versus-Host disease
Cystic Fibrosis

332
Q

What is involved in Viral Hepatitis ?

A

Councilman body

333
Q

What does Cystic Fibrosis cause? (2 points)

A

Duct obstruction

Pancreatic atrophy

334
Q

What happens to the Apoptotic cell?

A

Shrinks

335
Q

What happens to the Apoptotic cell’s DNA?

A

Fragments regularly

336
Q

What happens to the Apoptotic cell’s membrane?

A

Bleeps

337
Q

What is formed due to the bleeped membrane of Apoptotic cell?

A

Apoptotic bodies

338
Q

What happens to these Apoptotic bodies?

A

Phagocytosis

339
Q

Describe this Phagocytosis

A

Rapid

340
Q

What is lost in Apoptotic cell? (2 points)

A

Microvilli

Cell Junctions

341
Q

What is absent in Apoptotic cell?

A

Surrounding Inflammation

342
Q

Which cell death type causes surrounding inflammation?

A

Necrosis

Pathology (11 decks)

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