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Pathology > Chapter 3: Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What causes Chronic inflammation?

A

An irritant

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2
Q

Describe Chronic inflammation

A

Active

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3
Q

Describe the action of this irritant

A

Prolonged

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4
Q

Describe the tissue response

A

Slow

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5
Q

Describe the onset of the tissue response

A

Gradual

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6
Q

For how long does the Chronic Inflammation last?

A

Months to years

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7
Q

What are the 3 systemic manifestations in Chronic Inflammation?

A

Fever
Weight loss
Anemia

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8
Q

Describe this Fever

A

Low

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9
Q

Which 3 cells are predominant in Chronic Inflammation and characterize it?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells

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10
Q

Which cells are also predominant in Chronic Inflammation?

A

Fibroblasts

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11
Q

What also characterizes Chronic Inflammation?

A

Fibrosis

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12
Q

What are the 3 courses/outcomes of Chronic Inflammation?

A

Tissue Destruction
Fibrosis
Necrosis

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13
Q

What are proceeding simultaneously in Chronic Inflammation? (3 points)

A

Inflammation
Destruction
Attempts

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14
Q

What is destroyed simultaneously in Chronic Inflammation?

A

Tissue

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15
Q

Which attempts are proceeded simultaneously in Chronic Inflammation?

A

Repair

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16
Q

What are the 4 causes of Chronic Inflammation?

A

Infections
Autoimmunity
Exposure to substances
Progression from Acute Inflammation

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17
Q

What causes these infections?

A

Certain microorganisms

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18
Q

What is an example of these certain microorganisms?

A

Certain Fungi

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19
Q

Describe the level of toxicity of the certain microorganisms

A

Low

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20
Q

What do the certain microorganisms evoke?

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

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21
Q

What type of Hypersensitivity reaction do the certain microorganisms evoke?

A

Delayed

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22
Q

Describe these infections (2 points)

A

Persistent

Intracellular

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23
Q

What are 2 examples of these infections?

A

Tuberculosis

Leprosy

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24
Q

Describe the exposure to substances which causes Chronic Inflammation

A

Prolonged

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25
Q

Describe these substances

A

Non-degradable

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26
Q

Describe the toxicity level of these substances

A

Partial

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of these substances?

A

Endogenous

Exogenous

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28
Q

What is an example of the Endogenous substances?

A

Lipid components

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29
Q

What do the lipid components cause?

A

Atherosclerosis

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30
Q

What are 2 examples of the Endogenous substances?

A

Silica

Asbestos

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31
Q

What are the 2 examples of an Autoimmune disease that cause Chronic Inflammation?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

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32
Q

From when do these 2 examples of Autoimmune disease cause Chronic Inflammations?

A

Onset

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33
Q

What are the cells of Chronic Inflammation?

5 points

A 
Macrophages 
T-Lymphocytes 
B-Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Mast cells
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34
Q

What are the Primary cells in Chronic Inflammation?

A

Macrophages

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35
Q

What are Macrophages derived from?

A

Monocytes

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36
Q

What method do Macrophages use to move in various parts of the body?

A

Diffusion

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37
Q

Describe the occurrence of Macrophages in various parts of the body

A

Scattered

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38
Q

What are examples of organs where Macrophages are present in? (7 points)

A 
Liver
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lungs
Bone Marrow
Brain
Skin
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39
Q

What are Macrophages known as in liver cells?

A

Kupffer cells

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40
Q

What are Macrophages known as in spleen and lymph node cells?

A

Sinus Histiocytes

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41
Q

What are Macrophages known as in lung cells?

A

Alveolar Macrophages

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42
Q

What are Macrophages known as in bone marrow and brain cells?

A

Microglia

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43
Q

What are Macrophages known as in skin cells?

A

Langerhans cells

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44
Q

What do these cells constitute?

A

Mononuclear phagocytic system

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45
Q

Describe the products of Macrophages

A

Active

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46
Q

Describe the variety of these active products

A

Wide

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47
Q

What is an example of these active products?

A

Monokines

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48
Q

What can Macrophages be modified into?

A

Epithelioid cells

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49
Q

During which process can Macrophages be modified into Epithelioid cells?

A

Granulomatous

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50
Q

What are T-Lymphocytes primarily involved in?

A

Cellular immunity

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51
Q

Describe the T-Lymphocytes in cellular immunity

A

Key:
Regulator
Effector

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52
Q

What do T-lymphocytes produce?

A

Lymphokine

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53
Q

What do B-Lymphocytes and Plasma cells produce?

A

Antibodies

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54
Q

What are these antibodies directed against?

2 points

A

Persistent antigen

Tissue components

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55
Q

Where are these persistent antigens found in?

A

Inflammatory site

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56
Q

Describe these tissue components

A

Altered

57
Q

Mast cells and eosinophils appear predominantly to respond to? (2 points)

A

Parasitic infestations

Allergic reactions

58
Q

Which cells can be seen in some forms of Chronic Inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

59
Q

What are 3 examples of these forms of Chronic Inflammation?

A

Chronic:
Osteomyelitis
Actinomycosis
Lung diseases

60
Q

What induces Chronic lung diseases?

A

Stimuli

61
Q

What are the stimuli that induce Chronic lung diseases?

A

Smoking

Others

62
Q

According to what is the Chronic Inflammation classified into?

A

Histologic features

63
Q

What are the 2 types of Chronic Inflammation?

A

Nonspecific

Specific

64
Q

What does the Nonspecific Chronic Inflammation inolve?

A

Macrophages and Lymphocytes accumulation

65
Q

Describe this accumulation

A

Diffuse

66
Q

Which site is this accumulation found in?

A

Injury

67
Q

What makes this accumulation productive?

A

New fibrosis tissue formations

68
Q

What is an example of Nonspecific Chronic Inflammation?

A

Chronic Cholecystitis

69
Q

What is Specific Inflammation known as?

A

Granulomatous Inflammation

70
Q

What is Granulomatous Inflammation characterized by?

A

Granuloma presence

71
Q

Describe Granuloma

A

Epithelioid cells aggregation/collection

72
Q

Describe Epithelioid cells

A

Activated Macrophage of modified Epithelial-cell like appearance

73
Q

What do these Epithelioid cells form?

A

Giant cells

74
Q

Describe these Giant cells

A

Multinucleated

75
Q

What do these Epithelioid cells do in order to form the Multinucleated Giant cells?

A

Fuse with each other

76
Q

How many Epithelioid cells fuse with each other to form the Multinucleated Giant cells?

A

2 or more

77
Q

Why do the Epithelioid cells fuse with each other in order to form the Multinucleated Giant cells?

A

For engulfment

78
Q

What do the Epithelioid cells engulf?

A

Particle

79
Q

How many particles do the Epithelioid cells engulf?

A

Single

80
Q

What is the Granuloma usually surrounded by?

A

Lymphocytes

81
Q

What does the occurrence of these Lymphocytes look like?

A

A cuff

82
Q

What can also sometimes surround the Granuloma?

A

Plasma cells

83
Q

What are the 2 types of Giant cells?

A

Foreign body

Langhans

84
Q

Describe the occurrence of the nuclei of the Foreign body-type Giant cells

A

Scattered

85
Q

Describe the scattering of the nuclei of the Foreign body-type Giant cells

A

Irregular

86
Q

Describe the occurrence of the nuclei of the Langhans Giant cells

A

Arranged

87
Q

Describe the arrangement of the nuclei of the Langhans Giant cells

A

Peripheral

88
Q

What does the pattern of the nuclei of the Langhans Giant cells look like?

A

Horse-shoe

89
Q

Where are the Langhans Giant cells typically seen in? (2 points)

A

Tuberculosis

Sarcoidosis

90
Q

What are the 2 types of Granuloma

A

Foreign body

Immune

91
Q

What is Foreign body Granuloma initiated by?

A

Foreign bodies

92
Q

Which foreign bodies are initiated by Foreign body Granuloma?

A

Inert

93
Q

What are examples of foreign bodies initiated by Foreign body Granuloma? (5 points)

A 
Talc
Sutures
Fibers
Silicosis
Asbestosis
94
Q

Which type of sutures initiate Foreign body Granuloma?

A

Nonabsorbable

95
Q

Describe the size of these foreign bodies

A

Large

96
Q

What is prevented due to their enough large size?

A

Phagocytosis

97
Q

Describe the cell which is prevented from making Phagocytosis

A

A Single Macrophage

98
Q

What is not incited by Foreign body Granuloma?

A

Immune response

99
Q

Describe Immune Granuloma

A

Granulomatous Hypersensitivity reaction

100
Q

Which type of Hypersensitivity reaction is the Immune Granuloma?

A

IV

101
Q

Describe this reaction

A

Protective defense reaction

102
Q

What makes this reaction?

A

Host

103
Q

What does this reaction unfortunately cause eventually?

A

Tissue destruction

104
Q

What made this reaction cause tissue destruction?

A

Antigen persistence

105
Q

Describe this antigen (2 points)

A

Poorly digestible/soluble

Inciting

106
Q

What are the 2 examples of microorganisms of poorly digestible antigens?

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

M.laprae

107
Q

What is done with the poorly digestible/soluble inciting antigens?

A

Engulfed

108
Q

Which cells engulf the poorly digestible/soluble inciting antigens?

A

Antigen presenting cells

109
Q

What type of cell is an antigen presenting cell?

A

Macrophage

110
Q

What does this Macrophage do with the antigen?

A

Presents part of it

111
Q

What does the Macrophage presents this part of the antigen to?

A

CD4+ T helper cells

112
Q

What does the Macrophage also present in accompany with this antigen?

A

MHC molecules

113
Q

Which type of the MCH molecules are presented by the Macrophage in accompany with the antigen?

A

2

114
Q

What does the Macrophage present the part of the antigen and the MCH molecule type 2 to?

A

CD4+ T helper cells

115
Q

How will the of CD4+ T helper cells be affected as a result of this?

A

Become activated

116
Q

What will the CD4+ T helper cells then produce?

A

Cytokines

117
Q

What is the effect of Cytokines on Granuloma which the Cytokines are implicated in?
(2 points)

A

Formation

Maintenance

118
Q

What are the 2 types of Cytokines produced by the CD4+ T helper cells?

A

IL-2

IFN-γ

119
Q

What is IFN-γ known as?

A

Interferon Gamma

120
Q

What is the function of the Cytokines IL-2?

A

Activation

Perpetuation

121
Q

What does the Cytokines IL-2 activate?

A

Other CD4+ T helper cells

122
Q

What does the Cytokines IL-2 perpetuates?

A

The response

123
Q

What is the function of the Cytokines IFN-γ?

A

Transformation

124
Q

What does the Cytokines IFN-γ transfer?

A

Macrophages

125
Q

What does the Cytokines IFN-γ transfer Macrophages into? (2 points)

A

Epithelioid cells then

Multinucleated Giant cells

126
Q

Which feature of a Macrophage is involved in Immune Granuloma?

A

Inhibitory factor

127
Q

What does the Macrophage Inhibitory factor asses in?

A

Localization

128
Q

What does the Macrophage Inhibitory factor asses in localizing? (2 points)

A

Activated Macrophages

Epithelioid cells

129
Q

What are the 2 examples of Immune Granuloma?

A

Sarcoidosis

Crohns disease

130
Q

Describe the etiology of these 2 examples

A

Unknown

131
Q

What are the major causes of Granulomatous Inflammation? (7 points)

A 
Bacterial
Chlamydial
Fungal
Protozoal 
Helminthic
Idiopathic
Inorganic material
132
Q

What are the examples of bacterial causes of Granulomatous Inflammation? (5 points)

A 
Tuberculosis
Leprosy 
Syphilis
Cat scratch disease 
Yersinosis
133
Q

What are the examples of fungal causes of Granulomatous Inflammation? (4 points)

A

Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Blastomycosis

134
Q

What is an example of Helminthic causes of Granulomatous Inflammation?

A

Schistosomiasis

135
Q

What are the examples of Protozoal causes of Granulomatous Inflammation? (2 points)

A

Leishmaniasis

Toxoplasmosis

136
Q

What is an example of Chlamydial causes of Granulomatous Inflammation?

A

Lymphogranuloma venerum

137
Q

What is an example of inorganic material causes of Granulomatous Inflammation?

A

Berylliosis

138
Q

What are the examples of Idiopathic causes of Granulomatous Inflammation? (3 points)

A

Acidosis
Cohn’s disease
Primary biliary cirrhosis

Pathology (11 decks)

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