Chapter 3: Acute Inflammation Flashcards
Describe Inflammation
Body defense reaction/response
Describe the reaction/response of Inflammation
Local
What makes this reaction/response?
Living mammalian issues
What do these living mammalian tissues react/respond to?
Injury
What causes this injury?
Agents
Describe these agents
Injurious
What are the functions of the body defense reaction/response towards these injurious agents? (2 points)
Elimination
Limitation
Which aspect of injurious agents is eliminated/ limited by the body defense reaction/response?
Spread
What are these 4 agents?
Infective
Immunological
Physical
Chemical
What are the 4 infective agents?
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
What feature of Bacteria and Viruses can also be considered as infective agent?
Toxins
What are the Immunological agents?
Reactions
What are the 2 reactions that are considered as Immunological agents?
Cell mediated
Antigen-Antibody
What are the 4 physical agents?
Heat
Cold
Radiation
Mechanical Trauma
Describe the heat and cold that considered as physical agents
Excess
What are the chemical agents?
Poisons
What are the 2 types of poisons considered as chemical agents?
Organic
Inorganic
What is the 5th cause of Inflammation?
Inert materials
What are the inert materials?
Foreign bodies
What causes Acute Inflammation?
An Irritant
Describe the duration of this irritant
Short
Describe the tissue response
Rapid
Describe the onset of the tissue response
Sudden
For how long does the Acute Inflammation last?
Days to weeks
What is the systemic manifestation in Acute Inflammation?
Fever
Describe this fever
High
Which cells are predominant and are the hallmarks of Acute Inflammatory reactions?
Neutrophils
Which cells are also predominant in Acute Inflammation?
Macrophages
What is present in Acute Inflammation which characterizes it? (3 points)
Fluid exudates
Fibrin threads
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes
Order the sequence of Acute Inflammation
4 points
Cell injury
Chemical mediators
Vascular event
Cellular event
Which 2 sequences indicate the occurrence of an Acute Inflammation?
Vascular event
Cellular event
What are the 5 Cardinal sings of Acute Inflammation?
Redness Heat Swelling Pain Loss of function
What is the redness known as?
Rubor
What causes redness?
Dilatation
What are vasodilated, causing redness?
Small blood vessels
Where does this dilatation of small blood vessels occur in?
Damaged tissues
Which inflammation are the small blood vessels dilated in?
Cellulitis
What is heat known as?
Calor
What causes heat?
Hyperemia
Define Hyperemia
Increased blood flow
What causes Hyperemia
Regional vasodilatation
What is swelling known as?
Tumor
What causes swelling?
Fluid accumulation
Where is fluid accumulated in?
Extravascular space
What causes this accumulation?
Increased vascular permeability
What is pain known as?
Dolor
What are the causes of Pain? (3 points)
Stretching
Destruction
Pus
What are stretched and destructed, causing pain?
Tissues
What causes stretching and destruction of tissues?
Inflammatory edema
Describe this pus
Under pressure
Give an example where pus can be under pressure
Abscess cavity
What can also induce pain?
Chemicals
What do these chemicals come from?
Acute Inflammation
What are 3 chemicals that can induce pain?
Bradykinin
Serotonin
Prostaglandin
What are the 2 causes of loss of function?
Pain
Severe swelling
What can be the effect of pain on the inflammatory area?
Inhibition
What can be the effect of severe swelling on tissues?
Physical immobilization
What is the Pathogenesis of Acute Inflammation categorized into? (2 points)
Early vascular end
Late cellular response
What causes a vascular response?
Stimuli
What are the 2 types of stimuli that cause a vascular response?
Neurogenic
Chemical
What is the first vascular response?
Vasoconstriction
Describe this vasoconstriction (2 points)
Immediate
Momentary
How long does this vasoconstriction last?
Seconds
What is the second vascular response?
Vasodilation
Which blood vessels are vasodilated?
2 points
Arterioles
Venules
What are these blood vessels packed with?
RBCs
What does the packing of RBCs in the vasodilated blood vessels result in?
Statis
What is caused as a result of vasodilation?
Hyperemia
What is caused as a result of vasodilation and hyperemia?
Increased vascular hydrostatic pressure
What is the effect of the Increased vascular hydrostatic pressure?
Pushes fluid outside the capillaries
What is the third vascular response?
Increased vascular permeability
Where exactly does the vascular permeability increase remarkably seen in?
Post-capillary venules
What is the main cause of the increased capillary permeability?
Histamine
What are the 2 factors which Histamine increases their permeability to the capillaries?
Plasma
Plasma proteins
What does the increased capillary permeability cause? (2 points)
Slowed blood flow
Stasis
What does the increased capillary permeability ooze?
Protein-rich fluid
What does the increased capillary permeability oozes this protein-rich fluid into?
Extravascular tissue
Where is this protein-rich fluid then exudated into?
Extravascular space
When the fluid becomes exudated into the Extravascular tissue, what would this fluid be called?
Exudate
What is the presence of exudate clinically appear as?
Swelling
What happens to the protein molecules in the fluid?
Split
What does these protein molecules split into?
Smaller protein molecules
Which process does these protein molecules split into smaller ones?
Tissue Necrosis
What is causes this splitting?
Increased osmotic pressure
What has an increased osmotic pressure?
Interstitial tissue fluid
What is the fourth vascular response event of Acute Inflammation?
Chemical mediators
What are the 2 sources of chemical mediators?
Plasma
Cells
What are the 3 functions of an Exudate?
Dilutes
Brings
Supplies
Carries away
What does an Exudate dilute? (3 points)
Toxins
Chemicals
Poisons
Why does an Exudate dilute them?
To reduce their effects
What does an Exudate bring?
Antibodies
From where does an Exudate bring the antibodies?
Blood
When are the antibodies placed by Exudate?
Inflammation
Opsonin
What does an Exudate supplies the cells with?
Nutrition
What does an Exudate carry away from the cells?
Waste products
What are the 4 components which are high in
an Exudate?
Protein
Fibrinogen
Specific gravity
Cells
What is the protein content range in an Exudate?
4-8 gm%
What is the normal protein content?
1 gm%
Where is the protein present in?
Interstitial tissue fluid
What is the specific gravity level in an Exudate?
> 1018
What are 4 cells that are high in content in an Exudate?
Macrophages
Polymorphs
WBCs
RBCs
What cellular component is usually present in an exudate?
Cell debris
What does the Fibrinogen form?
Fibrin network
What does this Fibrin network act as?
Mechanical barrier
Bridge
What does this Fibrin network act as a mechanical barrier to?
Infection spread
What does this Fibrin network act as a bridge for?
Leucocytes
Why does this Fibrin network act as a bridge for Leukocytes?
To reach the irritant
What does the Fibrinogen do on standing?
Clots
Describe the appearance of an Exudate?
3 points
Colored
Turbid
Hemorrhagic
What Exudate component gives it the turbid appearance?
Fibrinogen
What is a Transudate?
Non-inflammatory Edema
What causes a Transudate?
Disorders
What are the 3 disorders that cause the Transudate formation?
Cardiac
Renal
Undernutritional
Describe the appearance of a Transudate?
3 points
Clear
Translucent
Or
Pale yellow
What gives the Transudate a clear appearance?
Protein
Describe the protein content in a Transudate
Low
Describe the cells component in a Transudate
Few
What are the only cells present in a Transudate?
Mesothelial cells
What is the specific gravity level in a Transudate?
<1018
Which is spontaneously coagulable? Exudate or Transudate?
Exudate
Which has bacteria? Exudate or Transudate?
Exudate
What are the 7 steps of Cellular response?
Margination Rolling Pavementation Adhesion Transmigration Chemotaxis Phagocytosis
Which WBCs are involved in the cellular response?
Leukocytes
What type of Leukocytes are involved in the cellular response?
Neutrophils
Describe Margination (2 points)
Positioning
Accumulating
Where are these Leukocytes positioned and accumulated?
Along the surface of the endothelium
In which zone are these Leukocytes positioned and accumulated along the surface of the Endothelium?
Peripheral
What causes Margination?
Increased vascular permeability
Which zone are the blood cells normally present at? (2 points)
Central
Axial
Which blood cells are particularly present at the central (axial) zone, normally?
Erythrocytes
Where are the erythrocytes particularly present in at the central (axial) zone, normally?
Venules
How does these Leukocytes move in the process of rolling?
Tumble slowly
Where does these Leukocytes move?
Along the Endothelium
Describe Pavementation
When the Leukocytes virtually line the Endothelium
What is the purpose of cell adhesion molecules?
Facilitation
What does these cell adhesion molecules facilitate?
The binding of Leukocytes with the Endothelium
What are the 3 cell adhesion molecules?
Selectin
Immunoglobulins
Integrins
What does the Leukocytes do in Transmigration?
Escape
From where does the Leukocytes usually escape?
Venules
Where does the Leukocytes sometimes escape from?
Capillaries
How do the Leukocytes escape by?
Diapedesis
How do the leukocytes escape by Diapedesis?
Extend their pseudopodia through vascular wall
Describe Chemotaxis
A unidirectional attraction of Leukocytes
From where are Leukocytes attracted?
Vascular channels
Which site the Leukocytes are then headed towards?
Inflammation
Where is the site of Inflammation?
Within tissue space
What are these Leukocytes guided by?
Chemical gradients
What do these chemical gradients include?
2 points
Bacteria
Cellular debris
In Chemotaxis, what are the most important chemotactic factors/stimuli for the Leukocytes?
Complement system components
What are the 2 components of the complement system?
C5a
Arachidonic acid metabolism products
What are the 2 products of Arachidonic acid metabolism?
Leukotriene B4
Cytokines IL-8
Which products of Arachidonic acid metabolism are components of the complement system? (2 points)
Bacterial
Mitochondrial
Which 3 cells respond to Chemotactic stimuli?
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Which cells respond to Chemotactic factors the least?
Lymphocytes
What is are the 3 functions of the specialized cells in the process of Phagocytosis?
Engulfment
Internalization
Invasion
Describe the material in which these specialized cells are made of
Particulate
What does these specialized cells invade?
3 points
Microorganisms
Damaged cells
Tissue debris
What does are the 3 specialized cells involved in phagocytosis?
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Monocytes
Tissue macrophges
According to what is Acute Inflammation classified into?
Pus presence/absence
Describe pus
Semi-fluid
What is a pus formed of? (4 points)
Dead and living Neutrophils
Microorganisms
Necrotic tissue
Fluid exudate
What are the 2 types of Acute Inflammation?
Suppurative
Non-Suppurative
What are the 2 types of Suppurative Inflammation?
Localized
Diffuse
What are the 3 forms of Localized Suppurative Acute Inflammation?
Abscess
Boil
Carbuncle
What is a form of Diffuse Suppurative Acute Inflammation?
Cellulitis
What are the 7 forms of Non-Suppurative Acute Inflammation
Catarrhal Membranous Allergic Fibrinous Sero-fibrinous Hemorrhagic Necrotizing
What are the 2 expressions used for Suppurative Acute Inflammation?
Pyogenic
Septic
Describe Suppurative Acute Inflammation
Severe
What is Suppurative Acute Inflammation characterized by?
Pus formation
What are the 4 Microorganisms that cause Suppurative Acute Inflammation?
Staphylococcus Aureus
Pneumococcus
Gonococcus
Bacillus coli
What does an abscess form?
Cavity
Describe this cavity
Irregular
What is this cavity filled with?
Pus
Which microorganism causes an Abscess?
Staphylococcus Aureus
What does Staphylococcus Aureus produce?
Coagulase enzyme
What does Coagulase enzyme assess in?
Fibrin formation
What does Coagulase enzyme do with the infection?
Localization
Where does the abscess commonly occur in?
Subcutaneous tissue
Where does the abscess also occur in?
Any organ
What are examples of organs where the abscess occur in? (4 points)
Lung
Liver
Brain
Breast
What are the 3 zones of abscess?
Central
Mid
Peripheral
What does the central zone contain?
Necrosis
What does the midzone contain?
Pus
What does the peripheral zone contain?
Inflamed tissue
What is this Inflamed tissue called?
Pyogenic membrane
What are the complications of abscess?
8 points
Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis Septicemia Bacteremia Toxemia Septic Thrombophlebitis Pyemic abscess Chronicity
Define Boil
Small abscess
What is the Boil related to? (3 points)
Hair follicles
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Define Carbuncle
Multiple communicating foci
Where does the Carbuncle occur in?
Subcutaneous tissue
Where does this Carbuncle open to?
Surface
What does this Carbuncle use to open to the surface?
Multiple sinuses
Where is Carbuncle common in?
Diabetic patients
Which microorganism causes Cellulitis?
Streptococcus Haemolyticus
What does Streptococcus Haemolyticus produce?
Enzymes
What are the 2 enzymes produced by Streptococcus Haemolyticus?
Fibrinolysin
Hyaluronidase
What is the action of these enzymes?
Dissolution
What is Fibrinolysin also known as?
Streptokinase
What does Fibrinolysin dissolve?
Fibrin
What is Hyaluronidase also known as?
Spreading factor
What does Hyaluronidase dissolve?
Hyaluronic acid
Which Hyaluronic acid is dissolved?
Of ground substance
What does Hyaluronic acid asses in?
Bacterial spread
Which bacterial feature is also accompanied with it when the bacteria spread?
Toxins
Where does the Cellulitis occur in?
3 points
Loose connective tissue
Scrotum
Upper respiratory tract
What is an example of loose connective tissue where the Cellulitis occur in?
Subcutaneous tissue
What are the characters of Cellulitis?
3 points
Failed localization
Necrosis
Pus
What causes the localization failure?
Fibrin absence
Describe the necrosis in Cellulitis
Extensive
Describe the pus consistency in cellulitis
Thin
What may the pus contain?
RBCs
What is the condition in which the pus contains RBCs?
Sanguineous
What are the complications of Cellulitis?
4 points
Acute Lymphangitis
Acute Lymphadenitis
Septic Thrombophlebitis
Septicemia
What does Septic Thrombophlebitis cause?
Pyemic abscesses
Describe Catarrhal Inflammation
Mild
What is the Catarrhal Inflammation characterized by?
Excess mucus secretion
Where does the Catarrhal Inflammation occur in?
Mucus membrane
Which mucus membrane is where the Catarrhal Inflammation occur in? (2 points)
Respiratory tract
GIT
What are the 2 infections that are caused by Catarrhal Inflammation?
Catarrhal Rhinitis
Bronchitis
What is the Catarrhal Rhinitis?
Common cold
What is the Membranous Inflammation also known as?
Pseudomembrane
Describe Membranous Inflammation
Severe
What is the Membranous Inflammation characterized by?
Pseudomembrane formation
Where is the Pseudomembrane formed on?
Affected surface
Describe the pseudomembrane formed
2 points
Slightly elevated
Adherent
Describe the color of the pseudomembrane formed
Yellowish white
What will be caused in the affected surface as a result of the pseudomembrane removal?
Bleeding
What will be formed in the affected surface as a result of the pseudomembrane removal?
Another membrane
What is the Pseudomembrane formed of?
4 points
Causative organism
Necrotic cells
Leukocytes
Fibrin threads
What are the 2 causative organisms caused by Membranous Inflammation?
Diphtheria
Bacillary Dysentery
Where do these bacteria remain on?
Mucosal surface
What does the bacteria produce?
Exotoxin
What does this Exotoxin cause to the mucosal surface?
Patchy mucosal necrosis
What does the Exotoxin move through?
Necrotic mucosa
How does the Exotoxin move through the Necrotic Mucosa?
Diffusion
Where is the Exotoxin headed to from Necrotic Mucosa?
Submucosa
What does the Exotoxin cause when it diffuses from through the necrotic mucosa to the submucosa?
Acute Inflammation
How is the Exotoxin will then be affected?
Absorbed
Where is the Exotoxin absorbed into?
Blood stream
What does the Exotoxin cause when absorbed into the blood stream?
Severe Toxemia
What is the Fibrinous, Serofibrinous, Hemorrhage and Allergic Inflammations characterized by?
An Exudate
What is the Exudate of Fibrinous inflammation rich in?
Fibrinogen
What is an example of an infection caused by Fibrinogen Inflammation?
Lobar Pneumonia
What does Serofibrinous Inflammation involve?
Serous sacs
What are the 3 examples of serous sacs?
Pleura
Peritoneum
Pericardium
Describe the Exudate in Serofibrinous Inflammation
Serous
Describe the plenty of this Serous Exudate
Excess
Where is the Excess Serous Exudate found in?
Sac
What is Serofibrinous Inflammation also characterized by?
Deposition
What is deposited?
Fibrin
Where is the Fibrin deposited?
On sac surface
Describe the Exudate in Hemorrhage Inflammation
Cellular
What is this Cellular Exudate rich in?
RBCs
What causes the Cellular Exudate to be rich in RBCs?
Vascular damage
What is Necrotizing Inflammation characterized by?
Tissue Necrosis
Describe this Tissue Necrosis
Marked
Describe Allergic Inflammation
Antigen Antibody Reaction
Describe the Exudate in Allergic Inflammation
Fluid
Describe the plenty of this Fluid Exudate
Abundant
Which cells are involved in the Allergic Inflammation which also characterize it?
Eosinophils
What is an example of an allergy caused by Allergic Inflammation?
Urticaria
What are the 4 courses/outcomes of Acute Inflammation?
Resolution
Healing
Abscess formation
Chronic Inflammation
What are the 2 tissue factors affected by Resolution?
Normal Structure
Function
Due to Resolution, what happens to the tissue’s normal structure?
Restituted
Describe this restitution?
Complete
What is an example of an infection which undergoes resolution?
Lobar Pneumonia
What does the healing occur by?
Fibrosis
What does the Fibrosis form to bring about healing?
Scar
What does the formation of abscess needs?
Surgery
What could be formed if the abscess is left untouched? (2 points)
Sinus
Fistula
How is Sinus formed?
Abscess cavity connects one Epithelial lining/surface
How is Fistula formed?
Abscess tract connects 2 epithelial lining/surface
What rarely could be formed if the abscess is left untouched? (2 points)
Septicemia
Pyemia
Describe the abscess accompanied by Septicemia or Pyemia
Subsequent Metastatic
Where can this subsequent metastatic abscess be found in? (3 points)
Heart
Kidney
Brain
What is caused due to Vasodilation and hyperemia?
Hyperemia
Why does this Fibrin network act as a bridge for Leukocytes?
To reach the irritant
