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Pathology > Chapter 3: Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Inflammation

A

Body defense reaction/response

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2
Q

Describe the reaction/response of Inflammation

A

Local

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3
Q

What makes this reaction/response?

A

Living mammalian issues

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4
Q

What do these living mammalian tissues react/respond to?

A

Injury

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5
Q

What causes this injury?

A

Agents

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6
Q

Describe these agents

A

Injurious

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7
Q

What are the functions of the body defense reaction/response towards these injurious agents? (2 points)

A

Elimination

Limitation

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8
Q

Which aspect of injurious agents is eliminated/ limited by the body defense reaction/response?

A

Spread

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9
Q

What are these 4 agents?

A

Infective
Immunological
Physical
Chemical

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10
Q

What are the 4 infective agents?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

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11
Q

What feature of Bacteria and Viruses can also be considered as infective agent?

A

Toxins

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12
Q

What are the Immunological agents?

A

Reactions

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13
Q

What are the 2 reactions that are considered as Immunological agents?

A

Cell mediated

Antigen-Antibody

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14
Q

What are the 4 physical agents?

A

Heat
Cold

Radiation
Mechanical Trauma

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15
Q

Describe the heat and cold that considered as physical agents

A

Excess

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16
Q

What are the chemical agents?

A

Poisons

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of poisons considered as chemical agents?

A

Organic

Inorganic

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18
Q

What is the 5th cause of Inflammation?

A

Inert materials

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19
Q

What are the inert materials?

A

Foreign bodies

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20
Q

What causes Acute Inflammation?

A

An Irritant

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21
Q

Describe the duration of this irritant

A

Short

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22
Q

Describe the tissue response

A

Rapid

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23
Q

Describe the onset of the tissue response

A

Sudden

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24
Q

For how long does the Acute Inflammation last?

A

Days to weeks

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25
Q

What is the systemic manifestation in Acute Inflammation?

A

Fever

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26
Q

Describe this fever

A

High

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27
Q

Which cells are predominant and are the hallmarks of Acute Inflammatory reactions?

A

Neutrophils

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28
Q

Which cells are also predominant in Acute Inflammation?

A

Macrophages

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29
Q

What is present in Acute Inflammation which characterizes it? (3 points)

A

Fluid exudates
Fibrin threads
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes

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30
Q

Order the sequence of Acute Inflammation

4 points

A

Cell injury
Chemical mediators
Vascular event
Cellular event

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31
Q

Which 2 sequences indicate the occurrence of an Acute Inflammation?

A

Vascular event

Cellular event

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32
Q

What are the 5 Cardinal sings of Acute Inflammation?

A 
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
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33
Q

What is the redness known as?

A

Rubor

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34
Q

What causes redness?

A

Dilatation

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35
Q

What are vasodilated, causing redness?

A

Small blood vessels

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36
Q

Where does this dilatation of small blood vessels occur in?

A

Damaged tissues

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37
Q

Which inflammation are the small blood vessels dilated in?

A

Cellulitis

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38
Q

What is heat known as?

A

Calor

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39
Q

What causes heat?

A

Hyperemia

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40
Q

Define Hyperemia

A

Increased blood flow

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41
Q

What causes Hyperemia

A

Regional vasodilatation

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42
Q

What is swelling known as?

A

Tumor

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43
Q

What causes swelling?

A

Fluid accumulation

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44
Q

Where is fluid accumulated in?

A

Extravascular space

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45
Q

What causes this accumulation?

A

Increased vascular permeability

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46
Q

What is pain known as?

A

Dolor

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47
Q

What are the causes of Pain? (3 points)

A

Stretching
Destruction
Pus

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48
Q

What are stretched and destructed, causing pain?

A

Tissues

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49
Q

What causes stretching and destruction of tissues?

A

Inflammatory edema

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50
Q

Describe this pus

A

Under pressure

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51
Q

Give an example where pus can be under pressure

A

Abscess cavity

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52
Q

What can also induce pain?

A

Chemicals

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53
Q

What do these chemicals come from?

A

Acute Inflammation

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54
Q

What are 3 chemicals that can induce pain?

A

Bradykinin
Serotonin
Prostaglandin

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55
Q

What are the 2 causes of loss of function?

A

Pain

Severe swelling

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56
Q

What can be the effect of pain on the inflammatory area?

A

Inhibition

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57
Q

What can be the effect of severe swelling on tissues?

A

Physical immobilization

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58
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Acute Inflammation categorized into? (2 points)

A

Early vascular end

Late cellular response

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59
Q

What causes a vascular response?

A

Stimuli

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60
Q

What are the 2 types of stimuli that cause a vascular response?

A

Neurogenic

Chemical

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61
Q

What is the first vascular response?

A

Vasoconstriction

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62
Q

Describe this vasoconstriction (2 points)

A

Immediate

Momentary

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63
Q

How long does this vasoconstriction last?

A

Seconds

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64
Q

What is the second vascular response?

A

Vasodilation

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65
Q

Which blood vessels are vasodilated?

2 points

A

Arterioles

Venules

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66
Q

What are these blood vessels packed with?

A

RBCs

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67
Q

What does the packing of RBCs in the vasodilated blood vessels result in?

A

Statis

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68
Q

What is caused as a result of vasodilation?

A

Hyperemia

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69
Q

What is caused as a result of vasodilation and hyperemia?

A

Increased vascular hydrostatic pressure

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70
Q

What is the effect of the Increased vascular hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pushes fluid outside the capillaries

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71
Q

What is the third vascular response?

A

Increased vascular permeability

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72
Q

Where exactly does the vascular permeability increase remarkably seen in?

A

Post-capillary venules

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73
Q

What is the main cause of the increased capillary permeability?

A

Histamine

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74
Q

What are the 2 factors which Histamine increases their permeability to the capillaries?

A

Plasma

Plasma proteins

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75
Q

What does the increased capillary permeability cause? (2 points)

A

Slowed blood flow

Stasis

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76
Q

What does the increased capillary permeability ooze?

A

Protein-rich fluid

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77
Q

What does the increased capillary permeability oozes this protein-rich fluid into?

A

Extravascular tissue

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78
Q

Where is this protein-rich fluid then exudated into?

A

Extravascular space

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79
Q

When the fluid becomes exudated into the Extravascular tissue, what would this fluid be called?

A

Exudate

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80
Q

What is the presence of exudate clinically appear as?

A

Swelling

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81
Q

What happens to the protein molecules in the fluid?

A

Split

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82
Q

What does these protein molecules split into?

A

Smaller protein molecules

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83
Q

Which process does these protein molecules split into smaller ones?

A

Tissue Necrosis

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84
Q

What is causes this splitting?

A

Increased osmotic pressure

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85
Q

What has an increased osmotic pressure?

A

Interstitial tissue fluid

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86
Q

What is the fourth vascular response event of Acute Inflammation?

A

Chemical mediators

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87
Q

What are the 2 sources of chemical mediators?

A

Plasma

Cells

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88
Q

What are the 3 functions of an Exudate?

A

Dilutes
Brings
Supplies
Carries away

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89
Q

What does an Exudate dilute? (3 points)

A

Toxins
Chemicals
Poisons

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90
Q

Why does an Exudate dilute them?

A

To reduce their effects

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91
Q

What does an Exudate bring?

A

Antibodies

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92
Q

From where does an Exudate bring the antibodies?

A

Blood

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93
Q

When are the antibodies placed by Exudate?

A

Inflammation

Opsonin

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94
Q

What does an Exudate supplies the cells with?

A

Nutrition

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95
Q

What does an Exudate carry away from the cells?

A

Waste products

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96
Q

What are the 4 components which are high in

an Exudate?

A

Protein
Fibrinogen
Specific gravity
Cells

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97
Q

What is the protein content range in an Exudate?

A

4-8 gm%

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98
Q

What is the normal protein content?

A

1 gm%

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99
Q

Where is the protein present in?

A

Interstitial tissue fluid

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100
Q

What is the specific gravity level in an Exudate?

A

> 1018

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101
Q

What are 4 cells that are high in content in an Exudate?

A

Macrophages
Polymorphs
WBCs
RBCs

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102
Q

What cellular component is usually present in an exudate?

A

Cell debris

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103
Q

What does the Fibrinogen form?

A

Fibrin network

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104
Q

What does this Fibrin network act as?

A

Mechanical barrier

Bridge

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105
Q

What does this Fibrin network act as a mechanical barrier to?

A

Infection spread

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106
Q

What does this Fibrin network act as a bridge for?

A

Leucocytes

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107
Q

Why does this Fibrin network act as a bridge for Leukocytes?

A

To reach the irritant

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108
Q

What does the Fibrinogen do on standing?

A

Clots

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109
Q

Describe the appearance of an Exudate?

3 points

A

Colored
Turbid
Hemorrhagic

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110
Q

What Exudate component gives it the turbid appearance?

A

Fibrinogen

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111
Q

What is a Transudate?

A

Non-inflammatory Edema

112
Q

What causes a Transudate?

A

Disorders

113
Q

What are the 3 disorders that cause the Transudate formation?

A

Cardiac
Renal
Undernutritional

114
Q

Describe the appearance of a Transudate?

3 points

A

Clear

Translucent
Or
Pale yellow

115
Q

What gives the Transudate a clear appearance?

A

Protein

116
Q

Describe the protein content in a Transudate

A

Low

117
Q

Describe the cells component in a Transudate

A

Few

118
Q

What are the only cells present in a Transudate?

A

Mesothelial cells

119
Q

What is the specific gravity level in a Transudate?

A

<1018

120
Q

Which is spontaneously coagulable? Exudate or Transudate?

A

Exudate

121
Q

Which has bacteria? Exudate or Transudate?

A

Exudate

122
Q

What are the 7 steps of Cellular response?

A 
Margination
Rolling
Pavementation 
Adhesion 
Transmigration 
Chemotaxis 
Phagocytosis
123
Q

Which WBCs are involved in the cellular response?

A

Leukocytes

124
Q

What type of Leukocytes are involved in the cellular response?

A

Neutrophils

125
Q

Describe Margination (2 points)

A

Positioning

Accumulating

126
Q

Where are these Leukocytes positioned and accumulated?

A

Along the surface of the endothelium

127
Q

In which zone are these Leukocytes positioned and accumulated along the surface of the Endothelium?

A

Peripheral

128
Q

What causes Margination?

A

Increased vascular permeability

129
Q

Which zone are the blood cells normally present at? (2 points)

A

Central

Axial

130
Q

Which blood cells are particularly present at the central (axial) zone, normally?

A

Erythrocytes

131
Q

Where are the erythrocytes particularly present in at the central (axial) zone, normally?

A

Venules

132
Q

How does these Leukocytes move in the process of rolling?

A

Tumble slowly

133
Q

Where does these Leukocytes move?

A

Along the Endothelium

134
Q

Describe Pavementation

A

When the Leukocytes virtually line the Endothelium

135
Q

What is the purpose of cell adhesion molecules?

A

Facilitation

136
Q

What does these cell adhesion molecules facilitate?

A

The binding of Leukocytes with the Endothelium

137
Q

What are the 3 cell adhesion molecules?

A

Selectin
Immunoglobulins
Integrins

138
Q

What does the Leukocytes do in Transmigration?

A

Escape

139
Q

From where does the Leukocytes usually escape?

A

Venules

140
Q

Where does the Leukocytes sometimes escape from?

A

Capillaries

141
Q

How do the Leukocytes escape by?

A

Diapedesis

142
Q

How do the leukocytes escape by Diapedesis?

A

Extend their pseudopodia through vascular wall

143
Q

Describe Chemotaxis

A

A unidirectional attraction of Leukocytes

144
Q

From where are Leukocytes attracted?

A

Vascular channels

145
Q

Which site the Leukocytes are then headed towards?

A

Inflammation

146
Q

Where is the site of Inflammation?

A

Within tissue space

147
Q

What are these Leukocytes guided by?

A

Chemical gradients

148
Q

What do these chemical gradients include?

2 points

A

Bacteria

Cellular debris

149
Q

In Chemotaxis, what are the most important chemotactic factors/stimuli for the Leukocytes?

A

Complement system components

150
Q

What are the 2 components of the complement system?

A

C5a

Arachidonic acid metabolism products

151
Q

What are the 2 products of Arachidonic acid metabolism?

A

Leukotriene B4

Cytokines IL-8

152
Q

Which products of Arachidonic acid metabolism are components of the complement system? (2 points)

A

Bacterial

Mitochondrial

153
Q

Which 3 cells respond to Chemotactic stimuli?

A

Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

154
Q

Which cells respond to Chemotactic factors the least?

A

Lymphocytes

155
Q

What is are the 3 functions of the specialized cells in the process of Phagocytosis?

A

Engulfment
Internalization
Invasion

156
Q

Describe the material in which these specialized cells are made of

A

Particulate

157
Q

What does these specialized cells invade?

3 points

A

Microorganisms
Damaged cells
Tissue debris

158
Q

What does are the 3 specialized cells involved in phagocytosis?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Monocytes
Tissue macrophges

159
Q

According to what is Acute Inflammation classified into?

A

Pus presence/absence

160
Q

Describe pus

A

Semi-fluid

161
Q

What is a pus formed of? (4 points)

A

Dead and living Neutrophils
Microorganisms
Necrotic tissue
Fluid exudate

162
Q

What are the 2 types of Acute Inflammation?

A

Suppurative

Non-Suppurative

163
Q

What are the 2 types of Suppurative Inflammation?

A

Localized

Diffuse

164
Q

What are the 3 forms of Localized Suppurative Acute Inflammation?

A

Abscess
Boil
Carbuncle

165
Q

What is a form of Diffuse Suppurative Acute Inflammation?

A

Cellulitis

166
Q

What are the 7 forms of Non-Suppurative Acute Inflammation

A 
Catarrhal
Membranous
Allergic
Fibrinous
Sero-fibrinous 
Hemorrhagic
Necrotizing
167
Q

What are the 2 expressions used for Suppurative Acute Inflammation?

A

Pyogenic

Septic

168
Q

Describe Suppurative Acute Inflammation

A

Severe

169
Q

What is Suppurative Acute Inflammation characterized by?

A

Pus formation

170
Q

What are the 4 Microorganisms that cause Suppurative Acute Inflammation?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus
Pneumococcus
Gonococcus
Bacillus coli

171
Q

What does an abscess form?

A

Cavity

172
Q

Describe this cavity

A

Irregular

173
Q

What is this cavity filled with?

A

Pus

174
Q

Which microorganism causes an Abscess?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

175
Q

What does Staphylococcus Aureus produce?

A

Coagulase enzyme

176
Q

What does Coagulase enzyme assess in?

A

Fibrin formation

177
Q

What does Coagulase enzyme do with the infection?

A

Localization

178
Q

Where does the abscess commonly occur in?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

179
Q

Where does the abscess also occur in?

A

Any organ

180
Q

What are examples of organs where the abscess occur in? (4 points)

A

Lung
Liver
Brain
Breast

181
Q

What are the 3 zones of abscess?

A

Central
Mid
Peripheral

182
Q

What does the central zone contain?

A

Necrosis

183
Q

What does the midzone contain?

A

Pus

184
Q

What does the peripheral zone contain?

A

Inflamed tissue

185
Q

What is this Inflamed tissue called?

A

Pyogenic membrane

186
Q

What are the complications of abscess?

8 points

A 
Lymphangitis 
Lymphadenitis
Septicemia
Bacteremia 
Toxemia
Septic Thrombophlebitis 
Pyemic abscess
Chronicity
187
Q

Define Boil

A

Small abscess

188
Q

What is the Boil related to? (3 points)

A

Hair follicles
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands

189
Q

Define Carbuncle

A

Multiple communicating foci

190
Q

Where does the Carbuncle occur in?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

191
Q

Where does this Carbuncle open to?

A

Surface

192
Q

What does this Carbuncle use to open to the surface?

A

Multiple sinuses

193
Q

Where is Carbuncle common in?

A

Diabetic patients

194
Q

Which microorganism causes Cellulitis?

A

Streptococcus Haemolyticus

195
Q

What does Streptococcus Haemolyticus produce?

A

Enzymes

196
Q

What are the 2 enzymes produced by Streptococcus Haemolyticus?

A

Fibrinolysin

Hyaluronidase

197
Q

What is the action of these enzymes?

A

Dissolution

198
Q

What is Fibrinolysin also known as?

A

Streptokinase

199
Q

What does Fibrinolysin dissolve?

A

Fibrin

200
Q

What is Hyaluronidase also known as?

A

Spreading factor

201
Q

What does Hyaluronidase dissolve?

A

Hyaluronic acid

202
Q

Which Hyaluronic acid is dissolved?

A

Of ground substance

203
Q

What does Hyaluronic acid asses in?

A

Bacterial spread

204
Q

Which bacterial feature is also accompanied with it when the bacteria spread?

A

Toxins

205
Q

Where does the Cellulitis occur in?

3 points

A

Loose connective tissue
Scrotum
Upper respiratory tract

206
Q

What is an example of loose connective tissue where the Cellulitis occur in?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

207
Q

What are the characters of Cellulitis?

3 points

A

Failed localization
Necrosis
Pus

208
Q

What causes the localization failure?

A

Fibrin absence

209
Q

Describe the necrosis in Cellulitis

A

Extensive

210
Q

Describe the pus consistency in cellulitis

A

Thin

211
Q

What may the pus contain?

A

RBCs

212
Q

What is the condition in which the pus contains RBCs?

A

Sanguineous

213
Q

What are the complications of Cellulitis?

4 points

A

Acute Lymphangitis
Acute Lymphadenitis
Septic Thrombophlebitis
Septicemia

214
Q

What does Septic Thrombophlebitis cause?

A

Pyemic abscesses

215
Q

Describe Catarrhal Inflammation

A

Mild

216
Q

What is the Catarrhal Inflammation characterized by?

A

Excess mucus secretion

217
Q

Where does the Catarrhal Inflammation occur in?

A

Mucus membrane

218
Q

Which mucus membrane is where the Catarrhal Inflammation occur in? (2 points)

A

Respiratory tract

GIT

219
Q

What are the 2 infections that are caused by Catarrhal Inflammation?

A

Catarrhal Rhinitis

Bronchitis

220
Q

What is the Catarrhal Rhinitis?

A

Common cold

221
Q

What is the Membranous Inflammation also known as?

A

Pseudomembrane

222
Q

Describe Membranous Inflammation

A

Severe

223
Q

What is the Membranous Inflammation characterized by?

A

Pseudomembrane formation

224
Q

Where is the Pseudomembrane formed on?

A

Affected surface

225
Q

Describe the pseudomembrane formed

2 points

A

Slightly elevated

Adherent

226
Q

Describe the color of the pseudomembrane formed

A

Yellowish white

227
Q

What will be caused in the affected surface as a result of the pseudomembrane removal?

A

Bleeding

228
Q

What will be formed in the affected surface as a result of the pseudomembrane removal?

A

Another membrane

229
Q

What is the Pseudomembrane formed of?

4 points

A

Causative organism
Necrotic cells
Leukocytes
Fibrin threads

230
Q

What are the 2 causative organisms caused by Membranous Inflammation?

A

Diphtheria

Bacillary Dysentery

231
Q

Where do these bacteria remain on?

A

Mucosal surface

232
Q

What does the bacteria produce?

A

Exotoxin

233
Q

What does this Exotoxin cause to the mucosal surface?

A

Patchy mucosal necrosis

234
Q

What does the Exotoxin move through?

A

Necrotic mucosa

235
Q

How does the Exotoxin move through the Necrotic Mucosa?

A

Diffusion

236
Q

Where is the Exotoxin headed to from Necrotic Mucosa?

A

Submucosa

237
Q

What does the Exotoxin cause when it diffuses from through the necrotic mucosa to the submucosa?

A

Acute Inflammation

238
Q

How is the Exotoxin will then be affected?

A

Absorbed

239
Q

Where is the Exotoxin absorbed into?

A

Blood stream

240
Q

What does the Exotoxin cause when absorbed into the blood stream?

A

Severe Toxemia

241
Q

What is the Fibrinous, Serofibrinous, Hemorrhage and Allergic Inflammations characterized by?

A

An Exudate

242
Q

What is the Exudate of Fibrinous inflammation rich in?

A

Fibrinogen

243
Q

What is an example of an infection caused by Fibrinogen Inflammation?

A

Lobar Pneumonia

244
Q

What does Serofibrinous Inflammation involve?

A

Serous sacs

245
Q

What are the 3 examples of serous sacs?

A

Pleura
Peritoneum
Pericardium

246
Q

Describe the Exudate in Serofibrinous Inflammation

A

Serous

247
Q

Describe the plenty of this Serous Exudate

A

Excess

248
Q

Where is the Excess Serous Exudate found in?

A

Sac

249
Q

What is Serofibrinous Inflammation also characterized by?

A

Deposition

250
Q

What is deposited?

A

Fibrin

251
Q

Where is the Fibrin deposited?

A

On sac surface

252
Q

Describe the Exudate in Hemorrhage Inflammation

A

Cellular

253
Q

What is this Cellular Exudate rich in?

A

RBCs

254
Q

What causes the Cellular Exudate to be rich in RBCs?

A

Vascular damage

255
Q

What is Necrotizing Inflammation characterized by?

A

Tissue Necrosis

256
Q

Describe this Tissue Necrosis

A

Marked

257
Q

Describe Allergic Inflammation

A

Antigen Antibody Reaction

258
Q

Describe the Exudate in Allergic Inflammation

A

Fluid

259
Q

Describe the plenty of this Fluid Exudate

A

Abundant

260
Q

Which cells are involved in the Allergic Inflammation which also characterize it?

A

Eosinophils

261
Q

What is an example of an allergy caused by Allergic Inflammation?

A

Urticaria

262
Q

What are the 4 courses/outcomes of Acute Inflammation?

A

Resolution
Healing
Abscess formation
Chronic Inflammation

263
Q

What are the 2 tissue factors affected by Resolution?

A

Normal Structure

Function

264
Q

Due to Resolution, what happens to the tissue’s normal structure?

A

Restituted

265
Q

Describe this restitution?

A

Complete

266
Q

What is an example of an infection which undergoes resolution?

A

Lobar Pneumonia

267
Q

What does the healing occur by?

A

Fibrosis

268
Q

What does the Fibrosis form to bring about healing?

A

Scar

269
Q

What does the formation of abscess needs?

A

Surgery

270
Q

What could be formed if the abscess is left untouched? (2 points)

A

Sinus

Fistula

271
Q

How is Sinus formed?

A

Abscess cavity connects one Epithelial lining/surface

272
Q

How is Fistula formed?

A

Abscess tract connects 2 epithelial lining/surface

273
Q

What rarely could be formed if the abscess is left untouched? (2 points)

A

Septicemia

Pyemia

274
Q

Describe the abscess accompanied by Septicemia or Pyemia

A

Subsequent Metastatic

275
Q

Where can this subsequent metastatic abscess be found in? (3 points)

A

Heart
Kidney
Brain

276
Q

What is caused due to Vasodilation and hyperemia?

A

Hyperemia

277
Q

Why does this Fibrin network act as a bridge for Leukocytes?

A

To reach the irritant

Pathology (11 decks)

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