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Pathology > Hemodynamics disorders > Flashcards

Hemodynamics disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by hyperemia and congestion?

A

Increase in blood volume

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2
Q

Describe this increase

A

Local

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3
Q

Where does this local increase in blood volume occur in?

A

Particular tissue

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4
Q

Describe the process of Hyperemia

A

Active

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5
Q

What is affected in the organs, in Hyperemia?

A

Arterial blood inflow

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6
Q

How is this arterial blood inflow affected?

A

Increased

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7
Q

What causes this increase in the arterial blood inflow?

A

Active arteriolar dilatation

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8
Q

What is changed in the these arterioles?

A

Muscle tone

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9
Q

Describe the color of the affected tissue

A

Reddened

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10
Q

What happens to these tissues so that they become reddened?

A

Engorgement

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11
Q

What are the affected tissues engorged with so that they become reddened?

A

Oxygenated blood

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of Hyperemia?

A

Physiological

Pathological

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13
Q

What are the 2 sites in which physiological Hyperemia occur in?

A

Skeletal muscles

Gut

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14
Q

When does the Hyperemia occur in skeletal muscles?

A

During exercise

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15
Q

What does the Hyperemia that occur in the gut follow?

A

Meal

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16
Q

When does the pathological Hyperemia occur?

A

Acute inflammation

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17
Q

Describe the process of congestion

A

Passive

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18
Q

What is the Congestion known as? (2 points)

A

Venous congestion

Passive hyperemia

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19
Q

What is affected in the organs, in congestion?

A

Venous blood

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20
Q

Describe the venous blood in the tissues of these organs (2 points)

A

Increased

Excess

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21
Q

What causes this increased/excess venous blood in the tissues of these organs?

A

Obstruction

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22
Q

What is obstructed causing this increased/excess venous blood in the tissues of these organs?

A

Venous outflow

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23
Q

How is this venous blood outflow also affected?

3 points

A

Impaired
Slow
Reduced

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24
Q

What are the 3 sites in an organ where the increased/excess the venous blood resulted from the obstruction of the venous outflow occur in?

A

Veins
Venules
Capillaries

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25
Q

What do these 3 sites become due to the increased/excess the venous blood resulted from the obstruction of the venous outflow?

A

Passively dilated

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26
Q

Describe the color of the tissues where the congestion occur in

A

Red-blue

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27
Q

What are these tissues accumulated with so that they become reddened?

A

Deoxygenated blood

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of Congestion?

A

Localized

Generalized

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29
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of localized and generalized congestion?

A

Acute

Chronic

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30
Q

Describe the venous obstruction in acute localized congestion (2 points)

A

Sudden

Complete

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31
Q

What causes this sudden complete venous obstruction in acute localized congestion?
(4 points)

A

Thrombosis
Ligature
Strangulation
Twisting

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32
Q

What is twisted and strangulated in an organ causing this sudden complete venous obstruction?

A

Pedicle

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33
Q

Describe the organ which its pedicle is twisted and strangulated causing this sudden complete venous obstruction

A

Movable

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34
Q

What are the effects of acute localized congestion? (4 points)

A

Severe distention
Edema
Infarction
Gangrene

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35
Q

Describe the severe distention and the edema

A

Rapid

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36
Q

What are the 2 sites where the rapid severe distention occur in?

A

Veins

Capillaries

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37
Q

What may happen to these veins and capillaries?

A

Rupture

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38
Q

What does the rapture of these veins and capillaries cause?

A

Hemorrhage

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39
Q

Where does the rapid Edema occur in?

A

Tissues

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40
Q

Where do the infraction and the gangrene occur in?

A

Intestine

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41
Q

Describe the venous obstruction in chronic localized congestion (2 points)

A

Gradual

Incomplete

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42
Q

What causes this gradual incomplete venous obstruction?

3 points

A

Venous compression
Liver cirrhosis or Fibrosis
Left ventricular failure

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43
Q

What is venous compression done by?

3 points

A

Tumor
Enlarged lymph node
Pregnant uterus

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44
Q

Where does the congestion caused by liver cirrhosis or fibrosis occur in?

A

Veins

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45
Q

Which veins does the congestion caused by liver cirrhosis or fibrosis occur in? (2 points)

A

Mesenteric

Splenic

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46
Q

Where does the congestion caused by the left ventricular failure occur in?

A

Pulmonary veins

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47
Q

What are the 2 effects of chronic localized congestion?

A

Edema

Stasis

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48
Q

What does the statis predispose?

A

Thrombosis

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49
Q

What is gradually opened as an effect of chronic localized congestion?

A

Collateral veins

50
Q

What is developed as an effect of chronic localized congestion?

A

Varicoses

51
Q

What is an example of this varicoses?

A

Oesophageal varices

52
Q

What are the 6 causes of chronic congestion in lung?

A 
Left sided heart failure
Mitral stenosis
Phagocytosis
Degradation 
Fibrosis 
Hemosiderin deposition
53
Q

Where does chronic congestion in lung occurs in?

A

Alveolar capillaries

54
Q

What also happens to these alveolar capillaries?

A

Distention

55
Q

What do the congestion and the distention lead to?

A

Transudation

56
Q

What is transded as a result of the congestion and the distention of the alveolar capillaries?

A

Fluid

57
Q

Where is this fluid transuded?

A

Alveolar spaces

58
Q

What then happens to the alveolar capillaries when the fluid is transuded into the alveolar spaces?

A

Rupture

59
Q

What will then pass when the alveolar capillaries rupture?

A

RBCs

60
Q

What will the RBCs pass to when the alveolar capillaries rupture?

A

Alveoli

61
Q

Describe the lung in this stage of chronic congestion

2 points

A

Enlarged

Heavy

62
Q

Describe the color of the lung in this stage of chronic congestion

A

Bluish-red

63
Q

What is seen in the cut section of the lung at this stage?

A

Bloody froth

64
Q

What will then happen to these RBCs?

2 points

A

Phagocytosis

Degradation

65
Q

Which cells are resulted when phagocytosis

degradation occur in the RBCs?

A

Intra-alveolar hemosiderin-laden macrophages

66
Q

What are these cells known as?

A

Heart failure cells

67
Q

Which case of congestion does the fibrosis and hemosiderin deposition occur in?

A

Long-standing

68
Q

Where does this fibrosis occur in?

A

Interstitium

69
Q

What is resulted in the lung due to the Interstitium fibrosis and the hemosiderin deposition?

A

Brown Induration

70
Q

Describe the color of the lung in this stage

A

Dark brown

71
Q

Describe the consistency of the lung in this stage (2 points)

A

Firm

Indurated

72
Q

What causes the lung’s consistency to be firm and indurated?

A

Fibrosis

73
Q

Which conditions does Acute generalized congestion occur in?

A

Terminal

74
Q

What causes terminal conditions to lead to acute generalized congestion?

A

Acute heart failure

75
Q

Where does the acute generalized congestion occur in?

A

All viscera

76
Q

Describe the acute generalized congestion occur in all viscera

A

Rapid

77
Q

Describe the chronic generalized congestion

A

Gradual

78
Q

What does the chronic generalized congestion occur in?

A

Whole venous system

79
Q

What are the 2 causes of chronic generalized congestion?

A

Right sided heart failure

Pulmonary hypertension

80
Q

What does the chronic generalized congestion cause? (4 points)

A

Hypoxia
Cyanosis
Dyspnea
Generalized edema

81
Q

What is defected causing Hypoxia?

A

Blood oxygenation

82
Q

Where does the defective blood oxygenation occurs in?

A

Congested lungs

83
Q

What increases in amount causing Cyanosis?

A

Reduced Hemoglobin

84
Q

What reduces the Hemoglobin?

A

Stasis

85
Q

What causes Dyspnea?

A

Pulmonary congestion

86
Q

What causes Chronic congestion of the liver?

A

Right heart failure

87
Q

What is occluded which sometimes cause chronic congestion in liver? (2 points)

A

Inferior vena cava

Hepatic vein

88
Q

Describe the liver when chronic congestion occurs in it (2 points)

A

Enlarged

Tender

89
Q

Describe the capsule of the liver when chronic congestion occurs in it

A

Tense

90
Q

What does the liver look like when in the cut section when chronic congestion occurs in it?

A

Nutmeg

91
Q

Describe the appearance of the liver that causes it to look like nutmeg when chronic congestion occurs in it

A

Mottled

92
Q

What are the 2 colors of the mottled liver?

A

Red

Yellow

93
Q

What are congested causing this red and yellow mottled appearance? (2 points)

A

Center of lobules

Fatty peripheral zone

94
Q

What causes the change of chronic congestion that occurs in the liver, under the microscope?

A

Sever Hypoxia

95
Q

Which zone is the severe Hypoxia of chronic congestion in liver more marked in, under the microscope?

A

Centrilobular

96
Q

What are the 2 changes that occur in chronic congestion in liver due to severe hypoxia, under the microscope?

A

Distention

Filling with blood

97
Q

What are distended and filled with blood in the chronic congestion of the liver, under the microscope? (2 points)

A

Central veins

Adjacent sinusoids

98
Q

What undergo changes in the chronic congestion of the liver, under the microscope?

A

Centrilobular hepatocytes

99
Q

Describe these changes

A

Degenerative

100
Q

What will eventually be seen in these centrilobular hepatocytes?

A

Centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis

101
Q

What is seen in the chronic congestion of the liver in the long-standing cases under the microscope? (2 points)

A

Fine centrilobular fibrosis

Hepatocytes regeneration

102
Q

What do the fine centrilobular fibrosis and hepatocytes regeneration cause?

A

Hepatic cirrhosis

103
Q

Which zone of lobule is the severe Hypoxia of chronic congestion in liver less marked in, under the microscope?

A

Peripheral

104
Q

What is also seen in the peripheral zone of the lobules?

A

Fatty change

105
Q

Where is the fatty change seen in?

A

Hepatocytes

106
Q

What are the 2 causes of chronic congestion of the spleen?

A

Right heart failure

Portal hypertension

107
Q

What causes right heart failure and

portal hypertension that lead to chronic congestion of the spleen?

A

Hepatic cirrhosis

108
Q

Describe the size of the spleen in the early stages of chronic congestion

A

Slightly to moderately enlarged

109
Q

What is the size of the spleen in chronic congestion?

A

Up to 250g

110
Q

What is the normal size of the spleen?

A

150g

111
Q

Describe the enlargement in long-standing cases

A

Progressive

112
Q

What is the rage of size of spleen in chronic congestion in long-standing cases?

A

Up to 500g-1000g

113
Q

Describe the spleen in the long-standing cases of chronic congestion (3 points)

A

Congested
Tense
Cyanotic

114
Q

What is seen in the spleen in chronic congestion ,under the microscope?
(3 points)

A

Red pulp
Hyperplasia
Deposits

115
Q

What is the red pulp congested with?

A

Marked sinusoidal dilatation

116
Q

What occurs in the red pulp?

A

Hyperplasia

117
Q

Which cells does the hyperplasia occur in?

A

Reticuloendothelial cells

118
Q

What get deposits?

A

Hemorrhages

119
Q

What do these hemorrhages which get deposits overlay?

A

Fibrous tissue

120
Q

What are these 2 deposits which some of the hemorrhages that overlay the fibrous tissue get?

A

Hemosiderin pigment

Calcium salts

121
Q

What are these organized structures known as? (2 points)

A

Gamna-Gandy bodies

Siderofibrotic nodules

Pathology (11 decks)

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