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Head And Neck > Osteology And Radiology > Flashcards

Osteology And Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the neurocranium?

A

8 bones

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2
Q

What can we divide the neurocranium into?

A

Calvaria (skull cap)

Base of skull

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3
Q

How many bones make up the viscerocranium?

A

14 bones

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4
Q

What is the only freely moveable joint in the skull?

A

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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5
Q

The coronal suture is between which bones?

A

Frontal and parietal

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6
Q

The squamous suture is between which bones?

A

Squamous part of temporal bone and parietal

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7
Q

The sagittal suture is between which bones?

A

The 2 parietal bones

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8
Q

The lambdoid suture is between which bones?

A

Parietal and occipital

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9
Q

Where is the bregma?

A

The joining point of the 2 parietal bones and the frontal bone
(Anterior fontanelle)

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10
Q

Where is the pterion?

A

Joining point of frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones
(One either side)

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11
Q

Where is the lambda?

A

Joining point of 2 parietal bones and occipital bone

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12
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Membranous areas of unfused skull (soft spots on baby’s head)
Will close in first 2 years of life

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13
Q

What are the purposes of the fontanelles?

A

Flexibility eases passage through birth canal

Allows for brain growth

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14
Q

Describe the structures of skull bone

A

Inner and outer table of hard bone

Area between called diploe = spongy bone

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15
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

A

Sella turcica

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16
Q

What are the 4 sinuses called?

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Sphenoid

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17
Q

What bones make up the hard palate?

A

Maxillary and palatine bones

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18
Q

What imaging would you use for a suspected skull fracture?

A

CT imaging

Bones show up very clearly

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19
Q

What is a lucid interval?

A

A period of time that can occur after a head injury where the patient is temporarily fine and then deteriorates rapidly

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20
Q

What colour is fresh blood on a CT?

A

White

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21
Q

What blood vessel is found just under the pterion?

A

Anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery

22
Q

Where is an extra dural haemorrhage?

A

Between the skull periosteum and the outermost meningeal layer (dura mater)

23
Q

What clinical signs are associated with a basilar skull fracture?

A

CSF rhinorrhoea
Clotted blood in middle ear
Raccoon’s eyes (extensive bruising)
Mastoid bruising

24
Q

What is a Jefferson’s fracture?

A

Burst fracture of C1
Combination of anterior and posterior arch fractures
Due to axial compression
Can be unstable

25
Q

What is a Hangman’s fracture?

A

Bilateral fracture of posterior arch of C2
Disruption of C2-3 junction
Due to hyperflexion of neck
High risk of C2 displacement and spinal cord damage

26
Q

What are some features of osteoarthritis of the C spine?

A 
Osteophytes 
Facet joint hypertrophy 
Disc herniation 
Disc space narrowing 
Sclerosis of end plates
27
Q

Describe cervical spondylotic radiculopathy

A

Nerve root impingement

Dermatomal arm pain +/- mild weakness and sensory loss

28
Q

Describe cervical spondylotic myelopathy

A

Spinal cord compression (or slipped disc)

Loss of function - often loss of fine motor skills in upper limbs

29
Q

What is Battle’s sign?

A

Bruising over the mastoid process

30
Q

What is haemotypanum?

A

Blood behind the ear drum

31
Q

What are the most common bones to be fractured in the face?

A

Nasal
Zygomatic
Mandible

32
Q

Through which foramen does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?

A

Carotid canal

33
Q

Through which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranium?

A

Foramen spinosum

34
Q

Through which foramen does the vertebral artery enter the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

35
Q

How many fossae are in the floor of the cranial cavity and what do we call them?

A

3

Anterior, middle and posterior

36
Q

What are the orbital plates?

A

Roof of the orbits

Formed by the frontal bone

37
Q

In which bone does the cribriform plate reside?

A

Ethmoid bone

38
Q

What is the crista gallis?

A

Bony, sharp prominence of ethmoid
Attachment point for dura matter
Blow to face can tear dura - CSF rhinorrhoea

39
Q

What clinical sign will occur and why if we fracture the orbital plate?

A

Blood from within cranial cavity will move into tissue around the orbit
Raccoon’s eyes - periorbital ecchymosis

40
Q

Which bone divides the anterior and middle fossae?

A

Sphenoid bone (lesser wing)

41
Q

The sella turcica is in which bone?

A

Sphenoid

42
Q

If we pass through the foramen rotundum where do we end up?

A

Pterygopalatine fossa

43
Q

What important nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary branch of the trigeminal (V2)

44
Q

Where do we end up if passing through the foramen ovale?

A

Infratemporal fossa

45
Q

Which important nerve passes through the foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal (V3)

46
Q

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

A

In life nothing passes through it, covered in cartilage

Internal carotid passes over the top though

47
Q

Where does the carotid canal run through?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

48
Q

Which blood vessel runs into the cavernous sinus?

A

Internal carotid artery

49
Q

How do we remember the 4 foramen of the cranial base?

A

ROLS

Rotundum, ovale, lacerum, spinosum

50
Q

What forms the boundary between the middle and posterior fossae?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

51
Q

Which nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A 
Vestibulocochlear nerve 
Facial nerve (out at the stylomastoid foramen)
52
Q

Which nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory

Head And Neck (11 decks)

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