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Head And Neck > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the path of tears

A

Lacrimal gland under edge of eyebrow - drains into eye
Lacrimal canals drain tears from eye into lacrimal sac
This drains into the nasolacrimal duct which drains into inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

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2
Q

Which bones make up the orbit?

A 
Sphenoid 
Frontal 
Ethmoid
Lacrimal 
Maxillary 
Zygomatic
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3
Q

Which fissure is palpable on the outer edge of the orbit?

A

Frontal-zygomatic

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4
Q

What are the boundaries of the orbit?

A 
Apex = optic canal
Superior = frontal and sphenoid 
Lateral = zygomatic and sphenoid
Medial = ethmoid, maxillary, lacrimal and sphenoid 
Inferior = maxillary and zygomatic
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5
Q

Which is the weakest border of the orbit?

A

Inferior

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6
Q

The optic canal lies in which bone?

A

Sphenoid

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7
Q

The SOF lies in which bone?

A

Sphenoid

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8
Q

The IOF lies in which bone?

A

Sphenoid

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9
Q

What runs through the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve

Ophthalmic artery

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10
Q

What runs through the SOF?

A 
Branches of ophthalmic nerve (V1) 
Trochlear nerve 
Abducens nerve 
Branches of oculomotor 
Superior ophthlamic vein
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11
Q

What runs through the IOF?

A

Inferior ophthalmic vein

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12
Q

Which part of the eyeball is the iris?

A

Coloured part

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13
Q

Describe the lens of the eyeball

A

Focuses light onto back of retina
Held by suspensory ligaments attached to ciliary bodies
Relax and contract to focus the lens

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14
Q

What is the macula/fovea?

A

Area of most accurate vision

Well adapted to convert light energy to signals in the optic nerve

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15
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

The blind spot

Where the optic nerve enters the retina

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16
Q

What are the 3 broad layers of the eyeball?

A

Outer fibrous
Middle vascular
Inner - retina

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17
Q

Which parts of the eyeball make up the outer fibrous layer?

A

Sclera
Cornea
(Continuous)

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18
Q

What is the role of the outer fibrous layer of eyeball?

A

Maintains shape of eyeball

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19
Q

What parts of the eyeball make up the middle vascular layer?

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

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20
Q

Which part of the eyeball contains all the light cells?

A

Retina

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21
Q

Where do all the arteries and veins come in and out of the eyeball?

A

Optic disc

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22
Q

Where is the optic disc in relation to the fovea?

A

Optic disc is always on the nasal side

Fovea lateral to this

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23
Q

Describe retinal detachment

A 
Can see tears/retina has moved down 
Can have surgery to reattach 
If left without a blood supply for too long then will not heal 
Partial/total blindness can follow 
Following high impact to face
24
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers?

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

25
Q

Why do we get photophobia with meningitis?

A

The optic nerve is a continuation of the brain
Has the same meningeal layers
Therefore inflammation occurs around the nerve

26
Q

How many segments of the eye are there and what are they called?

A

2

Anterior and posterior

27
Q

What is found within the posterior segment of the eye?

A

Vitreous body

Keeps shape

28
Q

What is found within the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Anterior and posterior chambers
Both contain aqueous humor
Split by iris

29
Q

Why do we have aqueous humor in the eye?

A

Lens is avascular

This is how it gets nutrients

30
Q

How does aqueous humor drain?

A

Via trabecular meshwork
Into veins
Constant flow

31
Q

Describe open angle glaucoma

A

Blockage in the meshwork
Aqueous humor build up
Anterior chamber becomes more distended - angle between cornea and iris gets bigger
Comes on slowly

32
Q

What are cataracts?

A

When the lens becomes more and more opaque

33
Q

What are the actions of superior and inferior oblique?

A

Superior - allows us to look down when looking medially

Inferior - allows us to look up when looking medially

34
Q

Describe a blow out fracture

A

High impact to eye breaks inferior border
Contents of orbit drop down - tear drop sign on CT
Blood can collect in maxillary sinus
Cannot look up with affected eye because inferior rectus stuck - tethered down

35
Q

Describe blood supply to the eye

A

Ophthalmic artery (from ICA)
Gives rise to central retinal artery - travels with optic nerve
End arteries

36
Q

How does occlusion appear on an ophthalmoscope?

A

Seen as a cherry red spot on a pale background

37
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the eye

A

Central retinal vein > superior ophthalmic vein > cavernous sinus

38
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

A thin, clear film on top of everything else in the eye

39
Q

Describe conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation, redness and watering of eye
Can be bacterial or viral
Very common
Give eyedrops to treat

40
Q

What are the functions of the eyelid?

A

Protect from injury, excessive light and dryness

41
Q

What are the 2 parts of the conjunctiva?

A 
Bulbar = covers eyeball itself
Palpebral = covers inner surfaces of the eyelids
42
Q

What is the main muscle for opening the eye?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

43
Q

What are tarsal glands?

A

In the eyelid
Sebaceous gland - oily
Can get cysts/swellings

44
Q

What are ciliary glands?

A

Base of eyelashes - secrete lipid to help prevent evaporation
Can get blocked = stye

45
Q

How do you treat a stye?

A

Some need Abx

Others just warm, salty water

46
Q

Which nerve innervates levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Oculomotor (III)

47
Q

What is the palpebral fissure?

A

The opening between the eyelids

48
Q

What is the lacrimal punctum?

A

Small openings at medial eye to collect tears

49
Q

What is the limbus of the eye?

A

Border of the coloured part of the eye

Junction of cornea and sclerae

50
Q

What is the choroid?

A

Pigmented vascular layer of eyeball between retina and sclerae
Contains CT
Melanin helps choroid limit uncontrolled reflection in the eye

51
Q

How do we test visual acuity?

A 
(Optic nerve)
Wear glasses if needed, assess each eye 
Near vision - record smallest print can read
Distance vision - Snellen chart 
Can test colours via Ichihara plate
52
Q

How do we test visual field?

A

Test one eye at a time
Mirror the pt - you cover eye too
Test extremities of vision in an X - ask them to say yes when they see your finger wiggling

53
Q

What is accommodation of the eyes?

A

Convergence of the eyes with pupillary constriction

Focusing on an object away and then close

54
Q

Describe how we test the eye light reflex

A

Pupil constricts to light stimulus - consensual so happens in both eyes even though light directed at one
Rapid test - move light quickly between the two and pupils should not have time to dilate

55
Q

What are the different limbs of light reflex?

A 
Afferent = optic nerve 
Efferent = Oculomotor
56
Q

Which nerves are you testing with eye movements?

A

III, IV and VI

57
Q

How do we test eye movements?

A

One eye at a time, other covered

Make a H shape and ask them to follow with their eye - without moving head

Head And Neck (11 decks)

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