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Head And Neck > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Give some other names for pharyngeal arches

A

Pharyngeal apparatus

Bronchial arches

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2
Q

When does the neural tube form?

A

Week 3

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3
Q

By which time has the embryo folded?

A

End of week 4

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4
Q

What tissues forms the core of the pharyngeal arches?

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

What are the pharyngeal pouches?

A

Inner pocketings of primitive gut tube

Endoderm lined

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6
Q

What do the pharyngeal pouches develop into?

A

Middle ear

Parathyroids, thymus and palatine tonsils

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7
Q

Where do the parts of the pharynx run from and to?

A 
Nasal = base of skull to soft palate 
Oral = soft palate to larynx 
Laryngeal = posterior to larynx to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
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8
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

5 in total

1, 2, 3, 4 and 6

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9
Q

What are pharyngeal clefts?

A

External pocketings of arches

Ectoderm lined

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10
Q

What do we call the 3 vesicles of the brain?

A 
Prosencephalon = forebrain
Mesencephalon = midbrain 
Rhombencephalon = hindbrain
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11
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

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12
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the pharyngeal arches?

A

V, VII, IX and X

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13
Q

What is the face derived from?

A

The frontonasal prominence and the 1st pharyngeal arch

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14
Q

Which arch gives us the muscles of mastication?

A

Pharyngeal arch 1

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15
Q

Which nerve innervate pharyngeal arch 1?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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16
Q

Which arch gives us the muscles of facial expression?

A

Arch 2

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17
Q

Which nerve innervates pharyngeal arch 2?

A

Facial nerve

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18
Q

What are the muscle derivatives of the 3rd arch?

A

Stylopharyngeus

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19
Q

What are the muscle derivatives of the 4th arch?

A

Cricothyroid
Levator palatini
Constrictors of pharynx

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20
Q

What are the muscle derivatives of 6th arch?

A

Intrinsic muscles of larynx

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21
Q

What is the principle sensory nerve of the head?

A

Trigeminal nerve (V)

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22
Q

What does the facial nerve pass through into the face?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

Parotid gland

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23
Q

What is the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Between styloid process and pharynx
Elevates the larynx and pharynx
Dilates the pharynx to permit passage of large food bolus

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24
Q

What nerve innervates the third arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

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25
Q

Which arch does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

4th and 6th

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26
Q

Where do the different cartilages come from?

A

Meckel’s = 1st arch
Reichert’s = 2nd arch
Cartilage of larynx = 4th and 6th arches

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27
Q

What does Meckel’s cartilage develop into?

A

Provides template for mandible

Malleus and incus

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28
Q

What does Reichert’s cartilage develop into?

A

Stapes
Styloid process
Hyoid bone

29
Q

What cartilages come from the 4th and 6th arches?

A

Thyroid
Arytenoid
Cricoid

30
Q

What is the artery of the 3rd arch?

A

Internal carotid artery

31
Q

What are the arteries of the 4th arch?

A

Arch of aorta and brachiocephalic

32
Q

What are the arteries of the 6th arch?

A

Pulmonary arch

33
Q

What does the 2nd pouch develop into?

A

Palatine tonsils

34
Q

What do the 3rd and 4th pouches develop into?

A

3rd and 4th dorsal = parathyroids

3rd ventral = thymus gland

35
Q

What does the 1st pouch develop it?

A

Primitive tympanic cavity

36
Q

What does the 1st cleft develop into?

A

External auditory meatus

37
Q

Where does the Eustachian tube run from and to?

A

Middle ear to nasopharynx

38
Q

What are the major features of the face?

A

Palpebral fissures
Oral fissure
Nares
Philtrum

39
Q

What is a philtrum?

A

Groove on the upper lip

40
Q

The facial skeleton is derived from which cells?

A

Neural crest cells of 1st pharyngeal arch

41
Q

The muscles of mastication are derived from which cells?

A

Mesoderm of 1st pharyngeal arch

42
Q

What is the nerve of the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

Trigeminal (V)

43
Q

What is the nerve of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial (VII)

44
Q

Which cells are the muscles of facial expression derived from?

A

Mesoderm of 2nd pharyngeal arch

45
Q

What are nasal placodes?

A

Dents in the frontonasal prominence (FNP) where the organ of special sense (olfaction) will develop

46
Q

What is the stomatodeum?

A

Small depression in head with buccopharyngeal membrane in centre
Avascular membrane that ruptures to form the oral fissure

47
Q

What are the names of the 2 parts of the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

Maxillary prominence

Mandibular prominence

48
Q

Which features have their origin from the FNP?

A

Forehead
Bridge of nose
Nose
Philtrum

49
Q

Which facial features have their origin from maxillary prominence of 1 pharyngeal arch?

A

Cheeks
Lateral part upper lip
Lateral upper jaw

50
Q

What facial features have origin of mandibular prominence of 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

Lower lip

Lower jaw

51
Q

Where do medial and lateral nasal prominences form?

A

Either side of nasal placodes

2 medial, 2 lateral

52
Q

Describe the development of the nasal prominences

A

Maxillary prominences grow medially pushing nasal prominences closer together
Medial nasal prominences fuse with each other
Medial nasal prominences fuse with maxillary prominences
Creates the intermaxillary segment

53
Q

What compromises the intermaxillary segment?

A

Philtrum
4 incisors of upper jaw
Primary palate

54
Q

What is the secondary palate derived from?

A

Palatal shelves

These derived from maxillary prominences

55
Q

What is the oronasal membrane?

A

CT that ruptures to give a connection between the nasal and oral cavity

56
Q

What does the nasal septum fuse with?

A

Secondary palate

57
Q

How does a lateral cleft lip occur?

A

Failure of fusion of medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence

58
Q

How does a cleft lip and palate occur?

A

Failure of fusion of medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence
And failure of palatal shelves to meet in midline

59
Q

Eyes begin development in which week?

A

4

60
Q

How does the eye develop?

A

Optic vesicles grows to surface
Makes contact with lens placode
Placode invaginates to create a vesicle
Forebrain forms the retina

61
Q

How do the eyes move from lateral to frontal?

A

As the facial prominence grows

62
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

Vision using 2 eyes

With overlapping fields of vision allowing good depth perception

63
Q

The external auditory meatus is derived from …

A

1st pharyngeal cleft

64
Q

Where do ears initially develop?

A

Inferior to mandible in the neck

As mandible grows the ears move up

65
Q

Which placode leads to hearing and balance?

A

Otic placode

66
Q

What features might be seen in a child with foetal alcohol syndrome?

A 
Smaller head (impaired brain development)
Lower nasal bridge 
Smaller eye openings
Flat midface
Short nose
Thin upper lip
67
Q

What parts of development are most sensitive to alcohol?

A

Neural crest migration

Brain development

68
Q

What is ARND?

A

Alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder

Milder version of FAS - less alcohol consumed during the pregnancy

69
Q

What is the prevalence of FAS and ARND combined?

A

1 in 100 births

Head And Neck (11 decks)

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