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Head And Neck > Nose > Flashcards

Nose Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A 
Olfaction
Route for inspired air
Filters air
Moistens and warms air
Resonating chamber for speech
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2
Q

What is the nose vestibule?

A

Bit just inside nostril - lined with skin

Has sebaceous glands and hairs

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3
Q

What makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Hard (maxilla and palatine bones) and soft palate (muscles and CT)

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4
Q

What is the external nose made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

Bone = nasal and frontal process of maxilla

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5
Q

What is the most commonly fractured bone in the face?

A

Nasal bone

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6
Q

What forms the lateral wall of nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla - with bony projections (conchae)

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7
Q

What is the medial boundary of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal septum

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8
Q

What makes up the nasal septum?

A

Anterior = cartilage
Vomer - bone coming up from floor
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

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9
Q

What makes the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Bones - frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid

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10
Q

What is the crista galli?

A

Bony projection superiorly on the ethmoid bone
Thin and sharp
Into anterior fossa of cranium

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11
Q

Describe a septal haematoma

A

Rare
Trauma to nose - bucking of septum and shearing of vessels
Blood accumulation between perichondrium and cartilage - AVN or pressure necrosis
Must examine for
Unilateral or bilateral

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12
Q

What Mx does a septal haematoma need?

A

Drain it and pack it

Make sure blood doesn’t accumulate again and press perichondrium back to cartilage

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13
Q

How do you get a saddle-nose deformity?

A

Untreated septal haematoma leading to AVN of cartilaginous septum

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14
Q

How many conchae do we have and what are they called?

A

3

Superior, middle and inferior

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15
Q

What type of epithelium covers the conchae?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

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16
Q

What is the spheno-ethmoid recess?

A

Right above superior concha

Sphenoid sinus drains here

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17
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain?

A

Middle meatus

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18
Q

General sensation to nasal cavity is via …

A

Trigeminal nerve

V1 and V2

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19
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

Fleshy, benign swellings arising form nasal mucosa

Usually bilateral

20
Q

How do nasal polyps typically present?

A 
Age > 40 yrs
Blocked nose and rhinorrhoea 
Post-nasal drips
Decreased smell and taste
Bilateral
21
Q

What would make you suspect a tumour over a nasal polyp?

A

Unilateral

Blood tinged secretion

22
Q

How do we know if we are touching a polyp or a concha?

A 
Polyp = mobile and won't hurt to touch
Concha = immobile and will hurt to touch
23
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of the nasal mucosal lining

24
Q

What are the Sx of rhinitis?

A 
Nasal congestion
Sneezing 
Rhinorrhoea 
Irritation 
Post-nasal drip
25
Q

What is the arterial supply to the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

A 
Ophthalmic artery (ICA)
Maxillary artery (ECA)
26
Q

What do we call the point of anastomosis in the anterior septum?

A

Kiesselbach’s triangle

Little’s area

27
Q

Why is Kiesselbach’s triangle important?

A

Most common source of bleeding in epistaxis

90%

28
Q

What is the first method of stopping a nose bleed?

A

Pinch nasal septum (just past bridge)

Lean forward

29
Q

Venous drainage from the nasal cavity goes to …

A

Cavernous sinus
Facial vein > IJV
Pterygoid plexus

30
Q

What is the pterygoid plexus?

A

Large venous plexus between the temporalis muscle and the lateral pterygoid muscle

31
Q

What are the branches of the ophthlamic artery that supply the nose?

A

Anterior ethmoid

Posterior ethmoid

32
Q

What is the sphenopalatine artery?

A

Right at back of nasal cavity
Branch of maxillary artery
5% of nose bleeds

33
Q

What are the para-nasal sinuses?

A

Air filled spaces - extensions of the nasal cavity
Lined with resp mucosa
Named according to bone found it

34
Q

What is the purpose of nasal sinuses?

A

Humidify and warm air

Reduce weight of skull

35
Q

Where do most of the paranasal sinuses drain?

A

Middle meatus

36
Q

Which sinus is most commonly affected with sinusitis and why?

A

Maxillary sinus

Hard to drain as duct is at top - must be full or go against gravity - therefore blocks easily

37
Q

What are ethmoid air cells and why are they of significance?

A

Air cells in medial wall of orbit

Infections can pass from ethmoid sinus into orbit

38
Q

Dental abscesses and infections can spread into …

A

Maxillary sinus

39
Q

Describe acute sinusitis

A

Inflammation lasting < 4 weeks
Commonly infective and often secondary to viral infection of nasal cavity
Usually self limiting

40
Q

Describe the Hx/examination of someone with sinusitis

A 
Cold/flu like Sx
Pyrexia 
Rhinorrhoea (green/yellow)
Headache/facial pain worse on leaning forward 
Blocked nose
41
Q

What histological effects does a primary infection of the nasal cavity have?

A

Decreased ciliary function
Oedema of mucosa and ostia
Increased nasal secretions

42
Q

What are the most likely types of organism to cause sinusitis?

A

Strep

Haemophilus

43
Q

Which nerves innervate the sinuses?

A

Maxillary sinus = maxillary branch trigeminal (V2)

Other sinuses = ophthlamic branch trigeminal (V1)

44
Q

What epithelium lies on the tongue?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised

45
Q

The SNS to the nasal cavity comes form …

A

T1

Ascend on carotid artery

46
Q

What regulates blood flow to nasal mucosa?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

PNS (largely greater petrosal nerve)

Head And Neck (11 decks)

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