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Organ systems > OS III - Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

OS III - Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central part of ectoderm differentiate into?

A

The neural plate

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2
Q

What does the neural plate form? Week 4.

A

Neural plate forms the neural tube in 4th week.

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3
Q

what cause the neural tube to differentiate along dorsal and ventral axis?

A

Growth signaling factors

  • Shh - sonic hedgehog
  • BMP - bone morphogenic protein
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4
Q

Where does Shh, sonic hedgehoge come from?

A

notocord

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5
Q

where does BMP come from?

A

Growth signal factor from ectoderm.

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6
Q

Along what axis does the neural tube form?

A

The Rastro-caudal axis.

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7
Q

What does primary neurulation involve? 2

A
  • Columnirization of the exhisting epithelium

- roling or folding of the epithelium.

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8
Q

What does secondary neurlation involve? 2

A
  • Condensation of mesenchyme to form a rod

- rod undergoes epithelial transition to form neural tube.

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9
Q

What are the two mechanisms that can form neural tube from neural plate?

A

Primary and secondary neurulation.

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10
Q

How many waves of closure to close neural tube and when?

A
  • 5 separate waves of closure

- days 19-21

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11
Q

Where does closure of neural tube happen first?

A

Closure begins in brain stem region and near the upper spinal cord.

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12
Q

Where does neural tube closure happen after the upper spinal cord and brain stem close?

A

The head and neck close after the brain stem and upper spinal cord.

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13
Q

Where does the last of the neural tube closure happen?

A

caudal region, sacraum

- It fuses with the rest of the spinal cord

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14
Q

What type of nerualation forms the sacral neural tube?

A

secondary neurulation.

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15
Q

what need to close for complete CNS formation?

A

Rostral and caudal neuropores.

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16
Q

What is anencephaly?

A
  • lack of skull and cerebrum formation

- only brain stem is intact

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17
Q

Failure of what causes anencephaly?

A

Failure of second wave closure of neural tube where the head and neck close

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18
Q

What is spina bifida

A

Incomplete formation of spinal cord and overlying vertebrae that remain unfused and open.

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19
Q

What are three of the variable degrees of severity of spina bifita?

A
  • spina bifida occulta
  • meningocele
  • myelomeningocele
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20
Q

Failure of what causes spina bifida?

A

Incomplete closure of caudal neuropore, at the junction of waves one and 5.
- junction of primary and secondary neurelulation

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21
Q

What differentiate the CNS recions?

A

Dialations and flectures of neural tube.

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22
Q

what are the 4 regions of the CNS?

A
  • hindbrain
  • midbrain
  • diencephalon
  • telencephalon
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23
Q

What does the Hindbrain consist of? 2

A

Medulla
Pons
myelencephalon - medulla
metencephalon - Pons

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24
Q

What does the mid brain consist of? 1

A

Mesencephalon - midbrain

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25
Q

What is the diencephalon mad of? 3

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
epithalamus

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26
Q

What is the telencephalon made of ?

A

The cerebral hemispheres.

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27
Q

what does the neural tube space become?

A

spinal canal

ventricles of brain stem and cerebral hemispheres

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28
Q

What direction is caudal

A

toward spinal cord

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29
Q

what direction is Rostral?

A

toward front of brain

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30
Q

What ensure that the optical axes are at right angles to vertebral column

A

Cephalic flexure

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31
Q

What is the cephalic flexure related to?

A

cranial base flexion

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32
Q

What is the pontine flexure

A

Areas of 4th ventricle and pons enlargement

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33
Q

What is derived from edge of pons?

A

cerebellum

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34
Q

What is the gray matter of the spinal cord divided into?

A

sensory
autonomic
motor

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35
Q

What is white matter divided into?

A 
Ascending tracts (mostly dorsal)
Descending tracts (more ventral)
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36
Q

What are functionally specific areas of grey matter?

A

Rexed’s lamina

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37
Q

Of the grey matter in spinal cord, what are the dorsal, intermediate and ventral areas responsible for?

A

Dorsal - sensory
Intermediate - autonomic
Ventral - motor

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38
Q

What does the dorsal horn of the spinal cord convey?

A

Convey sensations to neurons into lamina 2-5.

  • tactile
  • proprioceptive
  • pain
  • temperature
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39
Q

What do second order neurons from the dorsal horn do?

A
  • send info to local spinal areas

- ascend to brain stem and thalamus

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40
Q

What is the intermediate region of the gray matter of spinal cord a site for?

A

Preganglionic autonomic neruons

  • visceral motor VM
  • autonomic
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41
Q

What is the ventral horn a site for?

A

Efferent motor neurons that project to skeletal muscle groups. (exiting)

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42
Q

What does the white mater of the spinal cord separate into?

A

Dorsal funiculi
ventral funiculi
lateral funiculi

43
Q

what are the spinal tracts of white matter formed by?

A

Axons of ascending and descending neurons

44
Q

What is the function of the dorsal funiculus?

A

Dorsal columns carry tactile info to the brain stem and thalamus

45
Q

What tracts make up the lateral funiculus? 3

A
  • lateral corticospinal tract
  • spinocerebellar tracts
  • anterolateral system
46
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract do?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract is the major descenting motor tract from cortex

47
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellar tracts?

A

tactile and proprioceptive information to the cerebellum

48
Q

What conveys pain and temp to the thalamus?

A

the anterolateral system of the lateral funiculus

49
Q

what are the two parts of the ventral funiculus? 3

A
  • anterior (ventral)corticospinal
  • vestibulospinal
  • reticulospinal
50
Q

What part of the ventral funiculus makes up the descending motor pathways from cortex?

A

anterior corticospinal

51
Q

What part of ventral funiculus makes up the descending motor pathway from the brain stem? 2

A
  • vestibulospinal tract

- reticulospinal

52
Q

What tract surrounds grey matter and interconnects various spinal levels?

A

propriospinal tract.

53
Q

What does the brain stem contain?

A
  • regulatory centers
  • cranial nerves
  • sensory pathy
  • motor pathways
  • reticular foramen
54
Q

What regulatory centers does the brain stem contain?

A

respiration
cardiovascular
gi
swallow, vomit, cough, pneumotaxic

55
Q

What are the cerebellar peduncles for?

A

Input and output tracts between cerebellum and pons

56
Q

What do the different regions of the cerebellum regulate?

A
  • muscle coordination
  • motor planning
  • procedural memory
  • balance
  • eyemovement
57
Q

What are the 5 key parts of the midbrain?

A
  • substantia nigra
  • periaqueductal grey (PAG)
  • superior/inf colliculi
  • Red nucleus
  • cerebral peduncle
58
Q

What is the substantia niagra for?

A

Midbrain

- dopamine modulation of motor control

59
Q

What is the Periaqueductal grey for of the midbrain?

A

regulates pain and stress responses

60
Q

What regulates pain and stress responses?

A

periaqueductal grey of the midbrain. PAG

61
Q

what does the superior and inferior colliculi do?

A

Superior - looks

Inferior - listens

62
Q

What does the inferior colliculi of midbrain do?

A

listens - help locate where sound is coming from

63
Q

What is the red nucleus of midbrain a part of?

A

Red nucleus is a part of the descending motor pathway

64
Q

What is the cerebral peduncle used for.

A

sensory and motor pathways to and from spinal cord, brain stem and cortex.

65
Q

what makes up the sensory and motor pathways to and from the spinal cord, brain stem and cortex

A

cerebral peduncle of midbrain

66
Q

What are the nuclear regions of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

67
Q

What contains the pineal gland

A

eipthalamus

68
Q

what are the paired structures that flank the third ventricle?

A

hypothalamus

69
Q

What does the thalamus contain?

A

several nuclei that process and distribute sensory and motor information to and from the cerebral cortex

70
Q

What direction does information move through the thalamus?

A

to and from cerebral cortex

71
Q

What type of information is distributed through the thalamus?

A

both sensory and motor

72
Q

What is the anterior pituitary derived from?

A
  • ectoderm primordial

- Rathke pouch from primitive oral cavity

73
Q

what system of vessels extend from hypothalamus into anterior pituitary?

A

Portal system of vessels

74
Q

What is the posterior pituitary derived from?

A

neural tube

75
Q

what connects the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?

A

neurosecretory axons that release hormones into blood

76
Q

Which part of pituitary is connected to hypothalamus via axons and which is connected bvia blood vessels

A

Blood vessesl - anterior

axons - posterior

77
Q

What type of axons extend into posterior pit?

A

neurosecretory neuronal axons

78
Q

What are the 4 areas of the motor cortex?

A
  • primary
  • premotor
  • supplementary
  • brocas speech area
79
Q

where is the motor cortex?

A

frontal lobe

80
Q

What are the 4 areas of the somatosensory cortex?

A

primary
secondary
association
wernikes language area

81
Q

where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

parietal lobe

82
Q

three areas of auditory cortex of temporal lobe?

A

primary
secondary
associaton

83
Q

what are the three parts of occipital lobe, visual cortex

A

primary
secondary
association

84
Q

what is the insula?

A

gustatory
visceral
emotional cortex within the lateral sulcus

85
Q

Reticular formation is often associated with what?

A

arousal
attention
motivation
wakefulness

86
Q

what direction of flow of info through reticular formation?

A

neurons receive general sensory input and project it into the cortex , limbic structures and spinal cord

87
Q

Where is reticular foramen? what is it?

A

it is in the brain stem area, it is make up of nuclei along the medial axis

88
Q

what are the 5 basal ganglia

A 
gaudate 
putamen
globus dallidus
substantia nigra
subthalamus
89
Q

What are the caudate and putamen basal ganglia called together?

A

striatum

90
Q

What basal ganglia are embedded in central white matter?

A

striatum - caudate/putamen

GP - globus pallidus

91
Q

What basal ganglia is in the mid brain? 2

A

substantia nigra

subthalamus

92
Q

What 3 parts make up limbic cortex?

A
  • orbital/ medial prefrontal cortex
  • cingulate gyrus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
93
Q

What are the 5 parts of the limbic system

A
  • limbic cortex
  • ant/med dorsal thalamic nuc
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • ventral stratum
94
Q

What does the ventral striatum (basal ganglia) include?

A

nucleus accumbens

95
Q

shape of limbic system

A

C shaped cluster of structures that extends into temporal lobe

96
Q

where is hippocampus in relation to lobes?

A

temporal lobe

97
Q

what interconnects cortical regions of brain?

A

white matter axon bundles

98
Q

what type of whie matter axon bundles interconnect cortices

A

superior longitudinal

occipito frontal fascuculi

99
Q

what fibers connect local gyri

A

arcuate fibers

100
Q

what connects the hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

101
Q

along what axis are cortices connected?

A

longitudinal

102
Q

Signs of Spina bifida occulta

A

Tuft of hair, incomplete vertebral arch but spinal cord and dura matter remain in proper place.

103
Q

What is spina bifida meningocele?

A

Spinal cord remains in place but the dura mater balloons out of spinal column

104
Q

What is spina bifida myelomeningocele

A

Where both spinal cord and dura is outside the vertebral column.

Organ systems (14 decks)

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