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Organ systems > OS III, Ex II, auditory lecture 1 > Flashcards

OS III, Ex II, auditory lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the inner ear?

A

External, middle, inner

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2
Q

Parts of external ear?

A

auricle, ceruminous glands

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3
Q

Auricle is made of what?

A

elastic cartilage and sking

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4
Q

Parts of auricle?

A

helix, antihelix, tragus, antitragus, concha and lobule

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5
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

modified apocrine glands that secrete cerumen

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6
Q

What is ear wax?

A

combo of cercumen, sebacous gland secreation, and desquamated meatal cells

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7
Q

what are the external ear sebaceous glands associated with?

A

hairs

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8
Q

What nerves innervate the external ear and external acoustic meatus?

A

greater auricular, lesser occipital, auriculotemporal, facial and vagus

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9
Q

What innervates middle ear?

A

glossopharyngeal

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10
Q

what connects tympanic cavity to nasopharynx?

A

auditory tube

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11
Q

What opens the tubal cartilage?

A

levatory tensor paliti, and salpingopharyngeus

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12
Q

what are used to amplify vibrations from membrane to oval window?

A

ossicles, malleus, incus, stabes

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13
Q

Oval window leads to where?

A

cochlea

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14
Q

What muscles are activated to dampen vibrations through ossicles?

A

tensor tympani: low frequency, stapedius: extream stapes vibrations

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15
Q

What innervates the tensor tympani?

A

V3 - trigenimal

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16
Q

What innervates stapedius?

A

VII - facial

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17
Q

What is the chorda tympani?

A

Both a sensory and autonomic nerve that branches from facial VII to V#

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18
Q

What nerve has sensory neurons that mediates taste from front of tongue?

A

Chorda tympani off the facial nerve

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19
Q

What do the parasympathetics from the chorda tympani innervate?

A

Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

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20
Q

Why may the corda tympani be impacted by otitis media, ear infection of middle ear?

A

because it passes between tympanic membrane and malleus, the first ossicle

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21
Q

what is the center depression of tympanic membrane called?

A

umbo, its caused by malleous tension

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22
Q

What should you be able to see if looking at ear drum auriscopically?

A

malleus, incus, stapes, cone of light, tence and flacid parts

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23
Q

What can caouse otitus media?

A

Fluid buildup that blocks middle ear, negative pressue that pulls bacteria/virus up from pharynx.

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24
Q

What could an invection of middle ear do?

A

perforate tympanic membrane, then spread through tegmen tympani cause brain abcss or meningitis.

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25
Q

What conditon damages middle ear an mastoid by growing out of control?

A

Cholesteatoma

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26
Q

What is choleasteaoma?

A

ear canal skin fills with cysts that migrate through porforation of tympanic membrane.can erode ossicles.

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27
Q

what part of inneer has the hearing receptors?

A

Cochlea

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28
Q

What is chochlea?

A

fluid filled spirally formed bony canal

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29
Q

What are the three parts of cochlea?

A

Chochlear duct (scala media) scala vestibuli (top), scala tympani (bottom)

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30
Q

What is the fluid of the cochlear ?

A

endo lymph that is screated by stria vascularis is in the cochlear duct while Periymph is in the scala vestibuli and tympani which are continuous.

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31
Q

Endolymph is high in what ion?

A

K + - potassium

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32
Q

Perilymph is high in what ion?

A

Na+

33
Q

what encloses the organ of corti?

A

Cochlear duct ie scala media

34
Q

What does the oval window vibration come in contact with?

A

the scalia vestibula and its perilymph that eventually becomes scalia tympani on its way to the round window.

35
Q

What is the sound tranduction for each part of ear?

A

External - air, Middle, Bone vibration, Inner - fluid vibration

36
Q

What laye does the organ of corti form on?

A

basilar membrane, an epithelial layer

37
Q

What covers organ of corti?

A

tectoral membrane

38
Q

what are the types of non-neural receptor cells?

A

both innner and outer hair cells

39
Q

What comes in contact with the tectoral membrane from the organ of corti?

A

stereocilia/microvili that activate sensory neurons of choclhelar nerve

40
Q

What causes bend in the sterreocilia part of receptors?

A

sound waves and their vertical oscilations of the basilar membrane.

41
Q

How does distortion of stereocilia produce hearing?

A

Distortion produce depolarization that causes release of transmitter to sensory neurons.

42
Q

What contains cell bodies of sensory neurons of the cochlear nerves?

A

spiral gnaglion

43
Q

How are tones differentiated ?

A

by the difference in basilar membrane stiffness and width. Narrow is stiff and detects high frequency while the further away membrane is wide and flexable and detects low frequencys.

44
Q

How does the difference in membrane stiffness detect specific sound.

A

sound frequency will only vibrate membrane at max amplitued in specific spots

45
Q

What do 95% of the sensory neuron axons in the cochlear nerve innervate?

A

inner hair cells, while the other 5% innervate outter hair cells.

46
Q

What do inner hair cells respond to?

A

basilar membrane movements at specific frequencies

47
Q

So what do outter hair cells do?

A

enhance weak auditory signals transduced by inner hair cells.

48
Q

What happens to outer hair cell in response to bending?

A

electromitile contraction followed by elongations, recoil amplifies.

49
Q

What type of feedback does the outer hair cell uses?

A

positive feedback

50
Q

What leads to hearing loss?

A

loud noise that damages outer hair cells.

51
Q

What increases our ability ito distinguish between frequencys that are close together?

A

outer hair cells, they sharpen sound peak from dull and rounded

52
Q

What is the primary auditory path?

A

Auditory nerve from cochlea - dorsal/ventral cochlear nuclei in medulla

53
Q

How many paths from medullary cochlear nuclei?

A

dorsal cochlear nucleus (red) and the ventral cochlear nucleus (black olive)

54
Q

what nuclei detects quality of sound so can distinguish between similar dounds?

A

red dorsal cochlear nucleus

55
Q

What does the superior olive ventral cochlear nucleus do?

A

Localizations

56
Q

Path from either the dorsal cochlear or the ventral cochlear?

A

up to lateral leminiscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, primary suditory cortex in temp lobe.

57
Q

what localizes low frequencies?

A

time difference

58
Q

What localizes high frequency?

A

intensity

59
Q

What is the inferior colliculus for?

A

somatosensory for head orientation for sound localization.

60
Q

what does the medial geniculate body of thalamus do?

A

project sound. To cortex tonotopically, high frequency medial, low freq lateral.

61
Q

Where is the primay auditory cortex?

A

superior temporal lobe

62
Q

two streams of auditory association cortex

A

Ventral - speech comprehension, and dorsal - sensory motor for vocal artuculation.

63
Q

Ventral stream of auditory association cortex is for what?

A

comprehension of voice, language etc, wernikes area

64
Q

Wernikes area is for what?

A

Understanding speech : integrate auditory visual and somatosensory aspects of language

65
Q

What parts of written word are most importaint?

A

first and last letter, brain wil figure out the rest.

66
Q

What are involved in higher levels of auditory activity?

A

bilaterally, tenporal paretal and motor cortices.

67
Q

What is most involved in specific sides of brain?

A

singing is more right

68
Q

How does music in auditory cortex cause emotion?

A

It effects limbic regions: amygdala, cingulate cortex, hippocampus and insula

69
Q

what regulates outer and inner hair cells to regulate sensitivity to sound especially at low leves

A

Efferent olivochochlear nerurons from superior olive

70
Q

what would help supress background noise?

A

olivochochlear efferents

71
Q

what stimulates efferent olivarycochlear efferents?

A

input from cochlear nuclei, reticular formation, auditory cortex

72
Q

two types of deafness

A

conductive - tympanic membrane, sensorineural - damage to cochlea or cochlear portin of VIII

73
Q

What is subjective tinnitus?

A

sound sinsation without external stimulation.

74
Q

Broad Causes of tinnitus?

A

abnormal neural activity in path, change in primary auditory cortex,

75
Q

more specific causes of tinnitus

A

disease process, TMJ, neurological damage, infections, drug side effects.

76
Q

two types of tinnitus?

A

subjective and somatic

77
Q

What is somatic tinnitus

A

specific type of subjective, with 2 or more causes

78
Q

What can cause somatic tinnitus?

A

trigeminal relays afferent info, can send excitary projections.

Organ systems (14 decks)

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