Limbic 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two main regions of the limbic system?
A
cortical region and subcortical region
2
Q
What makes up the cortical region of the limbic system?
A
prefrontal, cingulate, insula, parahippocampal gyrus
3
Q
What makes up the subcortical region of the limbic system?
A
Hippocampus, amygdala, ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens
4
Q
what does the limbic system provide the basis for?
A
memory, motivation (dopamine), and emotions, with the help of other CNS structures
5
Q
Where does planning happen?
A
frontal cortex and cingulate cortex
6
Q
Where does cognition happen?
A
cerebral cortex
7
Q
Where is stress processed?
A
HPA axis, hippocampus, amygdala
8
Q
Where is fear?
A
amygdala
9
Q
Where is memory?
A
hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex
10
Q
Where is the reticular formation?
A
In the medulla, pons and midbrain that project to thalamus and cortex
11
Q
What makes up the reticular formation?
A
several nuculei
12
Q
What is the reticular formation send projections to the thalamus and cortex for?
A
alerting and wakefullness ARAS
13
Q
Where does sensory info enter the reticular formation?
A
input enters the raphe and lateral nuclei
14
Q
Where do the medial nuclei of the reticular formation project?
A
to brain and spinal cord for general modulation
15
Q
what are the two views of the reticular formation?
A
anatomical and physiological
16
Q
What is the anatimical view of the reticular formation?
A
reticular neurons with long axons that are modulation wide areas of the brain
17
Q
What is the physiological view of Reticular formation?
A
ascending reticular activation system, ARAS for alerting and wakefullness.
18
Q
What does Norepinephrine do for cortical and limbic system?
A
attentional selectivity under stress, focus.
19
Q
where does norepinephrine come from in reticular formation?
A
Locus cerelus in the pons.
20
Q
Where does dopamine come from and what does it effect?
A
From vental tegmentum of the midbrain (substantia niagra and ventral tegmentum area) to the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
21
Q
What does dopamine do for the prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia?
A
Provides motivation bases behavior
22
Q
what projects to wider areas of the brain NE or dopamine?
A
NE from single locus coerules hit wide area of cortex, brain stem, spinal cord and cerebellum, thalamus.
23
Q
Basically where does dopamine go?
A
mostly to the front half of brain
24
Q
Where does seratonin come from?
A
Raphe nucleus of the medulla going to the cortical areas.
25
what does seratonin effect?
mood, sleep wake cycles.
26
Where does acetyl choline come from?
septum, neuceus basalis, and diagnal bane of broca to thalamus and cortical areas.
27
What does acetylcholine do?
facilitate hippocampal and cortal regions in memory and cognition.
28
What areas does working memory?
lateral prefrontal cortex
29
what are the executive control functions of lateral cortex?
formulation, refining, goals to regulate behavior and solve problems.
30
what can determine course of behavior based on various alternatives?
lateral prefrontal cortex
31
what does reward, motivation, and emotional decision making?
orbitofrontal cortex
32
what area will allow you to chose better reward later instead of one now?
orbitofrontal cortex
33
what does the ventromedial cortex include?
medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex
34
what does the ventromedial cortex do overall?
generate and regulate emotional responses decleritive memory and habits.
35
what does the anterior cingulate of ventromedial cortex do?
chose amond complex actions, behaviorly based
36
What does medial PFC do?
enotinal biasing into decisions,, experience of emotion, meaning to perception,
37
Where does fear conditioning happen?
medial PFC of the ventromedial cortex
38
overall, what does the ventral and medial regions of PFC regulate?
emotions
39
overall, what does the dorsal and lateral regions of PFC regulate?
thought and action
40
Prefrontal cortex provides top down control over what three things?
attention, emotion, and behavior
41
how does PFC help regulate decision making and planning for future
via extensive interconnections with other cortices
42
how can PFC help regulate its own catecholeamine inputs?
it has direct and indirect connections to reticular foramen nuculi
43
two more places that dopamine comes from?
Substantia niagra and ventral tegmental area.
44
where is hippocampus?
near surface of medial temporal lobe, bulging into lateral ventricle.
45
How many layers of cortex in hypocampus?
three layers of cortex. Archicortex?
46
Direction of afferents to hippocampus?
parahippocampal gyrus, entorhinal cortes to hippocampus.
47
what parts of cortex project to hippocampus?
sensory, association, cingulate and prefrontal cortex
48
what is purpose of hippocampal efferents?
consolidate processed info into memory to wide arease of cortex, parietal, prefrontal and temporal
49
three types of memory developed in limbic system?
declaritive, procedural, and working
50
Where is declaritive memory?
hippocampus and medial temporal lobe
51
where is emotional type of procedural memory?
amygdala
52
where is working memory
prefrontal is associated with working memory
53
what is declaritive memory?
explicit episodic and semantic memory
54
what is episodic memory, part of declaritive?
autobigraphial, mental time travel, caused by interconnection of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
55
what does hippocampus do to episodic memory?
consolidates and them projects them all around cortex, maybe so you have copies if one gets lost
56
what is semantic memory?
non contextual, experience or knowledge about world, representations of concepts etc.
57
what is semantic memory consolidated?
anterior temporal lobe and lateral prefrontal cortex.
58
is sense of self attached to semantic memory?
no sense of self,
59
what are the two distinct regions of memory consolidation for declaritive memory?
Anterior temporal system, and the posterior medial system
60
what does Anterior temporal system do?
relates representations of specific entities to existing concepts, ie, person, noun
61
What does PM system do?
matches incomming info about contex to interactions with environment during new experience.
62
What system gives object value or social revelance?
anterior temporal system
63
what system gives temporal order and place?
posterior medial system
64
what cordinates many regions for a precise recall of episodic memory?
retrosplenal area of cingulate gyrus
65
when is memory consolidated?
During sleep, especially if its emotionally significant.
66
what are the two major stages of sleep?
REM, rapid eye movement and non REM (slow wave)
67
What distinguises sleep stages?
EEG, electroencephalogram
68
what stage of sleep is more similar to waking?
REM, with low amplitude and high frequency
69
what happens to amplitued and frequency as sleep deepens?
when sleep depens, amplitued increases and frequency decreases.
70
is there more REM near the beginning or end of night?
Near the end of the night there is more REM.
71
how do sleep stages change with age?
The older you get the less time spent in deep sleep, and the les rem also.
72
how much REM does average person need?
2 hours of 8 hours sleeping
73
what pathway facilitate transmission of info from thalamus to cortex?
Cholinergic pontine pathways which are most active during REM and wakeing
74
What pathways activate the cortex to process info from thalamus?
The monoaminogeric pathways, cholinergic pathway from Basal forebrain and Orexin/hypocretin path
75
what come from the monoaminergic pathways?
NE, serotonin and dopamine
76
what area of brain regulates sleep?
the hypothalamus with its VLPO, ventralateral preoptic nuculeus
77
how does hypothalamus regulate sleep?
by inhibiting nuculei hat participate in arousal to induce drowsiness and during non REM sleep
78
what nuclues responds to ambient light and dark cycles?
the SCN, superchiasmatic nuculeus. Chercadian rhythem stuff.
79
how does DMH, dorsal medial nucuei of hypothalamus promote wakefulness?
inhibits the VLPO using gaba neurons and stimulating orexin.
80
how can we sleep easily during the day when sick?
cytokines disrup circadian sleep cycle TNF, IL
81
what part of memory is consolidated in early sleep?
declaritive and procedural
82
what part of memory is consolidated in late sleep?
final consolidation of all memory
83
what gets excited for waking/cortical arousal?
cholinergic ineurons, Norepinephrine neurons and serotonin 5ht neurons, they all activate cortex.
84
so, what part of brain stimulates all the neurons for wakefulness?
neurons of the posterolateral hypothalamus.
85
what inhibits sleep active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic VLPO?
neurons of the Posterolateral hypothalamus.
86
what are the neurotransmitter systems tha are effected by the postlateral hypothalamus?
serotonin, norepinephrinergic, acetyocholine, spinal motor neruons
87
inhibition of what pathways block sensory input to cortex?
inhibition of cholinergic and adrenergic pathways
88
what is different between hearing sound while awake or during non REM sleep?
when awake auditory activity is stimulated, when asleep, cortical areas get downregulated in a sleep protective mechanism.
89
during non REM sleep what inhibits serotonin, acetylcholine and norepinephrine of the ascending arousal system?
the Ventrolateral preoptic neurons, VLPO
90
when the ascending arousal systems are inhibited, what happens?
decrease info to cortex, decreased muscle tone, HR, breathing and metabolic rate. Inactive body in active mind
91
what is inhibited and excited in REM sleep?
Excitation of cholinergic neurons from LDT, more than when awake, Inhibition of serotonergic neurons.
92
what does fMRI show is happening during REM?
High brain activity with paralysis.
93
what are the two types of REM sleep?
Phasic and Tonic
94
Phasic REM?
rapid eye movement, brain super active, supression of external sounds
95
Tonic REM?
no rapid eye movement, increased reactivity to sound and outside stimuli
96
REM characteristics,
Rapid eye movement, paralysis, increased BP, HR, metabolism, dreaming, hallucinations, Active mind in inactive body.
97
Three brainstem nuclei for wakefullness that are activated
cholinergic of pons, midbrain, locus coeruleus, Raphe nuclei
98
Three branstem nuclei for non REM sleep that are deactivated
cholinergic of pons midbrain junct, locus coeruleus, Raphe nuclei
99
Two brainstem nuclei for REM sleep
Cholinergic is active and Raphe nuclei is inactive
100
one brainstem nuclei for REM off
Locus coeruleus is active
101
NE comes from what nuclei
locus coeruleus
102
Serotonin from where?
Raphe nuclei
103
Acetylcholine from were?
cholinerginic nuclei
104
4 physiological functions that corelate with REM?
Eye movement, HR, Respiraton, Penile erection
105
what does the EEG look like for awake and REM?
low voltage and fast which is opposite of non rem sleep of high voltage and slow.
106
do we have rapid eye movement while awake?
yes
107
how are memories reactivated and transferred to neocortex?
Decrease in Ach during slow wave sleep increases reactivation in hippocampus
108
what helps encode sensory input into hippocampus origionally?
increase in ach.
109
what can stabalize memories after learning?
memory reactivation during slow wave sleep.
110
what happens if memories are reactivated while awake?
makes memories more lible to be modified
111
what happens with memories consolidated during REM?
connections can be made between that and other memories helping to facilitate learning and storage of new info.
112
what structure regulates memory encoding in hippocampus?
The septum, helps avoid mixing new info that is being coded and old info that is being retrieved
113
what nucleus that helps with memory consolidation is degenerated in alzheimers patients.
nucleus basalis
114
what may contribute to beta-amyloid plaque patholgy in alzheimers?
impaired cortical cholinergic neurotransmission
115
description of alzheimers
degeneration of cortex, cholinergic and neuromodulatory tracts, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, inability to consolidate short term to long term.
116
what causes korsakoffs syndrome?
degeneration of thalamic nuculi and mammilary bodies due to alcholism.
117
what is the papez circuit?
circular route connecting hippo/amygdala to cingulate and prefrontal cortex via mediodorsal thalamus
