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Organ systems > Limbic 1 > Flashcards

Limbic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main regions of the limbic system?

A

cortical region and subcortical region

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2
Q

What makes up the cortical region of the limbic system?

A

prefrontal, cingulate, insula, parahippocampal gyrus

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3
Q

What makes up the subcortical region of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens

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4
Q

what does the limbic system provide the basis for?

A

memory, motivation (dopamine), and emotions, with the help of other CNS structures

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5
Q

Where does planning happen?

A

frontal cortex and cingulate cortex

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6
Q

Where does cognition happen?

A

cerebral cortex

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7
Q

Where is stress processed?

A

HPA axis, hippocampus, amygdala

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8
Q

Where is fear?

A

amygdala

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9
Q

Where is memory?

A

hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex

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10
Q

Where is the reticular formation?

A

In the medulla, pons and midbrain that project to thalamus and cortex

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11
Q

What makes up the reticular formation?

A

several nuculei

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12
Q

What is the reticular formation send projections to the thalamus and cortex for?

A

alerting and wakefullness ARAS

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13
Q

Where does sensory info enter the reticular formation?

A

input enters the raphe and lateral nuclei

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14
Q

Where do the medial nuclei of the reticular formation project?

A

to brain and spinal cord for general modulation

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15
Q

what are the two views of the reticular formation?

A

anatomical and physiological

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16
Q

What is the anatimical view of the reticular formation?

A

reticular neurons with long axons that are modulation wide areas of the brain

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17
Q

What is the physiological view of Reticular formation?

A

ascending reticular activation system, ARAS for alerting and wakefullness.

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18
Q

What does Norepinephrine do for cortical and limbic system?

A

attentional selectivity under stress, focus.

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19
Q

where does norepinephrine come from in reticular formation?

A

Locus cerelus in the pons.

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20
Q

Where does dopamine come from and what does it effect?

A

From vental tegmentum of the midbrain (substantia niagra and ventral tegmentum area) to the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia

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21
Q

What does dopamine do for the prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia?

A

Provides motivation bases behavior

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22
Q

what projects to wider areas of the brain NE or dopamine?

A

NE from single locus coerules hit wide area of cortex, brain stem, spinal cord and cerebellum, thalamus.

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23
Q

Basically where does dopamine go?

A

mostly to the front half of brain

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24
Q

Where does seratonin come from?

A

Raphe nucleus of the medulla going to the cortical areas.

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25
Q

what does seratonin effect?

A

mood, sleep wake cycles.

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26
Q

Where does acetyl choline come from?

A

septum, neuceus basalis, and diagnal bane of broca to thalamus and cortical areas.

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27
Q

What does acetylcholine do?

A

facilitate hippocampal and cortal regions in memory and cognition.

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28
Q

What areas does working memory?

A

lateral prefrontal cortex

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29
Q

what are the executive control functions of lateral cortex?

A

formulation, refining, goals to regulate behavior and solve problems.

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30
Q

what can determine course of behavior based on various alternatives?

A

lateral prefrontal cortex

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31
Q

what does reward, motivation, and emotional decision making?

A

orbitofrontal cortex

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32
Q

what area will allow you to chose better reward later instead of one now?

A

orbitofrontal cortex

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33
Q

what does the ventromedial cortex include?

A

medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex

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34
Q

what does the ventromedial cortex do overall?

A

generate and regulate emotional responses decleritive memory and habits.

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35
Q

what does the anterior cingulate of ventromedial cortex do?

A

chose amond complex actions, behaviorly based

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36
Q

What does medial PFC do?

A

enotinal biasing into decisions,, experience of emotion, meaning to perception,

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37
Q

Where does fear conditioning happen?

A

medial PFC of the ventromedial cortex

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38
Q

overall, what does the ventral and medial regions of PFC regulate?

A

emotions

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39
Q

overall, what does the dorsal and lateral regions of PFC regulate?

A

thought and action

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40
Q

Prefrontal cortex provides top down control over what three things?

A

attention, emotion, and behavior

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41
Q

how does PFC help regulate decision making and planning for future

A

via extensive interconnections with other cortices

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42
Q

how can PFC help regulate its own catecholeamine inputs?

A

it has direct and indirect connections to reticular foramen nuculi

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43
Q

two more places that dopamine comes from?

A

Substantia niagra and ventral tegmental area.

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44
Q

where is hippocampus?

A

near surface of medial temporal lobe, bulging into lateral ventricle.

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45
Q

How many layers of cortex in hypocampus?

A

three layers of cortex. Archicortex?

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46
Q

Direction of afferents to hippocampus?

A

parahippocampal gyrus, entorhinal cortes to hippocampus.

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47
Q

what parts of cortex project to hippocampus?

A

sensory, association, cingulate and prefrontal cortex

48
Q

what is purpose of hippocampal efferents?

A

consolidate processed info into memory to wide arease of cortex, parietal, prefrontal and temporal

49
Q

three types of memory developed in limbic system?

A

declaritive, procedural, and working

50
Q

Where is declaritive memory?

A

hippocampus and medial temporal lobe

51
Q

where is emotional type of procedural memory?

A

amygdala

52
Q

where is working memory

A

prefrontal is associated with working memory

53
Q

what is declaritive memory?

A

explicit episodic and semantic memory

54
Q

what is episodic memory, part of declaritive?

A

autobigraphial, mental time travel, caused by interconnection of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

55
Q

what does hippocampus do to episodic memory?

A

consolidates and them projects them all around cortex, maybe so you have copies if one gets lost

56
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

non contextual, experience or knowledge about world, representations of concepts etc.

57
Q

what is semantic memory consolidated?

A

anterior temporal lobe and lateral prefrontal cortex.

58
Q

is sense of self attached to semantic memory?

A

no sense of self,

59
Q

what are the two distinct regions of memory consolidation for declaritive memory?

A

Anterior temporal system, and the posterior medial system

60
Q

what does Anterior temporal system do?

A

relates representations of specific entities to existing concepts, ie, person, noun

61
Q

What does PM system do?

A

matches incomming info about contex to interactions with environment during new experience.

62
Q

What system gives object value or social revelance?

A

anterior temporal system

63
Q

what system gives temporal order and place?

A

posterior medial system

64
Q

what cordinates many regions for a precise recall of episodic memory?

A

retrosplenal area of cingulate gyrus

65
Q

when is memory consolidated?

A

During sleep, especially if its emotionally significant.

66
Q

what are the two major stages of sleep?

A

REM, rapid eye movement and non REM (slow wave)

67
Q

What distinguises sleep stages?

A

EEG, electroencephalogram

68
Q

what stage of sleep is more similar to waking?

A

REM, with low amplitude and high frequency

69
Q

what happens to amplitued and frequency as sleep deepens?

A

when sleep depens, amplitued increases and frequency decreases.

70
Q

is there more REM near the beginning or end of night?

A

Near the end of the night there is more REM.

71
Q

how do sleep stages change with age?

A

The older you get the less time spent in deep sleep, and the les rem also.

72
Q

how much REM does average person need?

A

2 hours of 8 hours sleeping

73
Q

what pathway facilitate transmission of info from thalamus to cortex?

A

Cholinergic pontine pathways which are most active during REM and wakeing

74
Q

What pathways activate the cortex to process info from thalamus?

A

The monoaminogeric pathways, cholinergic pathway from Basal forebrain and Orexin/hypocretin path

75
Q

what come from the monoaminergic pathways?

A

NE, serotonin and dopamine

76
Q

what area of brain regulates sleep?

A

the hypothalamus with its VLPO, ventralateral preoptic nuculeus

77
Q

how does hypothalamus regulate sleep?

A

by inhibiting nuculei hat participate in arousal to induce drowsiness and during non REM sleep

78
Q

what nuclues responds to ambient light and dark cycles?

A

the SCN, superchiasmatic nuculeus. Chercadian rhythem stuff.

79
Q

how does DMH, dorsal medial nucuei of hypothalamus promote wakefulness?

A

inhibits the VLPO using gaba neurons and stimulating orexin.

80
Q

how can we sleep easily during the day when sick?

A

cytokines disrup circadian sleep cycle TNF, IL

81
Q

what part of memory is consolidated in early sleep?

A

declaritive and procedural

82
Q

what part of memory is consolidated in late sleep?

A

final consolidation of all memory

83
Q

what gets excited for waking/cortical arousal?

A

cholinergic ineurons, Norepinephrine neurons and serotonin 5ht neurons, they all activate cortex.

84
Q

so, what part of brain stimulates all the neurons for wakefulness?

A

neurons of the posterolateral hypothalamus.

85
Q

what inhibits sleep active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic VLPO?

A

neurons of the Posterolateral hypothalamus.

86
Q

what are the neurotransmitter systems tha are effected by the postlateral hypothalamus?

A

serotonin, norepinephrinergic, acetyocholine, spinal motor neruons

87
Q

inhibition of what pathways block sensory input to cortex?

A

inhibition of cholinergic and adrenergic pathways

88
Q

what is different between hearing sound while awake or during non REM sleep?

A

when awake auditory activity is stimulated, when asleep, cortical areas get downregulated in a sleep protective mechanism.

89
Q

during non REM sleep what inhibits serotonin, acetylcholine and norepinephrine of the ascending arousal system?

A

the Ventrolateral preoptic neurons, VLPO

90
Q

when the ascending arousal systems are inhibited, what happens?

A

decrease info to cortex, decreased muscle tone, HR, breathing and metabolic rate. Inactive body in active mind

91
Q

what is inhibited and excited in REM sleep?

A

Excitation of cholinergic neurons from LDT, more than when awake, Inhibition of serotonergic neurons.

92
Q

what does fMRI show is happening during REM?

A

High brain activity with paralysis.

93
Q

what are the two types of REM sleep?

A

Phasic and Tonic

94
Q

Phasic REM?

A

rapid eye movement, brain super active, supression of external sounds

95
Q

Tonic REM?

A

no rapid eye movement, increased reactivity to sound and outside stimuli

96
Q

REM characteristics,

A

Rapid eye movement, paralysis, increased BP, HR, metabolism, dreaming, hallucinations, Active mind in inactive body.

97
Q

Three brainstem nuclei for wakefullness that are activated

A

cholinergic of pons, midbrain, locus coeruleus, Raphe nuclei

98
Q

Three branstem nuclei for non REM sleep that are deactivated

A

cholinergic of pons midbrain junct, locus coeruleus, Raphe nuclei

99
Q

Two brainstem nuclei for REM sleep

A

Cholinergic is active and Raphe nuclei is inactive

100
Q

one brainstem nuclei for REM off

A

Locus coeruleus is active

101
Q

NE comes from what nuclei

A

locus coeruleus

102
Q

Serotonin from where?

A

Raphe nuclei

103
Q

Acetylcholine from were?

A

cholinerginic nuclei

104
Q

4 physiological functions that corelate with REM?

A

Eye movement, HR, Respiraton, Penile erection

105
Q

what does the EEG look like for awake and REM?

A

low voltage and fast which is opposite of non rem sleep of high voltage and slow.

106
Q

do we have rapid eye movement while awake?

A

yes

107
Q

how are memories reactivated and transferred to neocortex?

A

Decrease in Ach during slow wave sleep increases reactivation in hippocampus

108
Q

what helps encode sensory input into hippocampus origionally?

A

increase in ach.

109
Q

what can stabalize memories after learning?

A

memory reactivation during slow wave sleep.

110
Q

what happens if memories are reactivated while awake?

A

makes memories more lible to be modified

111
Q

what happens with memories consolidated during REM?

A

connections can be made between that and other memories helping to facilitate learning and storage of new info.

112
Q

what structure regulates memory encoding in hippocampus?

A

The septum, helps avoid mixing new info that is being coded and old info that is being retrieved

113
Q

what nucleus that helps with memory consolidation is degenerated in alzheimers patients.

A

nucleus basalis

114
Q

what may contribute to beta-amyloid plaque patholgy in alzheimers?

A

impaired cortical cholinergic neurotransmission

115
Q

description of alzheimers

A

degeneration of cortex, cholinergic and neuromodulatory tracts, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, inability to consolidate short term to long term.

116
Q

what causes korsakoffs syndrome?

A

degeneration of thalamic nuculi and mammilary bodies due to alcholism.

117
Q

what is the papez circuit?

A

circular route connecting hippo/amygdala to cingulate and prefrontal cortex via mediodorsal thalamus

Organ systems (14 decks)

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