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Organ systems > OS III, Ex II somatosensory > Flashcards

OS III, Ex II somatosensory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the somatosensory system?

A

Give info from outside world to CNS

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2
Q

How do we feel our bodies based on sensation?

A

we feel our body pre reflectively from the inside as an object of direct perception.

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3
Q

How can we reflect on our bodies?

A

direct perception from the inside and congnitively from the outside as an object

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4
Q

somatic sennsation?

A

conciousness of stimiuli on somatic receptors

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5
Q

somatic perception?

A

interpretation of somatic objects and events plus ones own body into a picture of world

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6
Q

Somatic representation

A

abstract knowledge, beliefs and attitudes about ones own body

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7
Q

What are the 4 attributes of sensory systems?

A

intesity, sensory adaptation, modality, localization

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8
Q

How is intensity detected?

A

increased stimulus enhances amplitude of receptor potntial and thus frequency of Aps

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9
Q

mechanisms for sensory rapid adaptation?

A

rapid ion channel inactivation to decreace receptor potential

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10
Q

what is sensory adaptation

A

decreased neural activity with sustained stimulation

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11
Q

Mechanisms for sensory slow adaptation?

A

gradual reduction of receptor potential

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12
Q

What is the difference between rapid and slow adaptation?

A

Slow decreases activity but still lets CNS know its occuring, while Rapid just turns of stimulus all together after initial signal, so it only knows that it did occur

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13
Q

what are 2 somatic modalities?

A

tactile sensation and proprioception

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14
Q

Tactile sensation includes what?

A

touch, pain, temp

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15
Q

How do sensory receptor proteins react to stimulus?

A

maximally to one type and less to others.

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16
Q

Adequate stimulus is what?

A

energy that elicits greatest response and largely determines which neuron will be responsible for precepton of sensory modality.

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17
Q

do somatic modalities use the same neurons?

A

no, modalities are associated with specilized neurons for detecting different qualities

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18
Q

How can modalities be distinguished grossly?

A

by conduction velocity

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19
Q

what are compound action potentials?

A

recordings of the summed action potentials measured over time at a particular site on the nerve

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20
Q

what happens to compound action potentials further along a nerve?

A

they are separated more by velocity

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21
Q

so if compound actions potentials get separated by velocity, what do the peaks mean?

A

peaks are clusters with different conduction velocities and degrees of myleniaiton

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22
Q

How are nerve compound Aps classified?

A

Numbers or Letters

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23
Q

Letters apply to what?

A

sensory

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24
Q

Numbers apply to what nerves

A

motor nerves

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25
Q

do nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons?

A

useally they do have both sensory and motor

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26
Q

Peaks of compounded action potentials correspond what?

A

Population size of axons with specific degree of myelination and velocity

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27
Q

what types are most myelinated?

A

Type 1 or A are fastest, IV or c are slowest

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28
Q

Aa is for what

A

proprioception, motor neuron

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29
Q

Abeta is for?

A

light touch

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30
Q

A gamma is for

A

fast pain

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31
Q

C is for

A

slow pain

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32
Q

what is fastor sensory or pain?

A

sensory

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33
Q

what is cutaneous receptive field?

A

skin area innervated by branches of single neuron

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34
Q

What areas have largest and smallest receptor fields?

A

Smallest, perephery like hands, largest are proximal like our back

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35
Q

Why is the size and density of a receptor field importaint to the CNS?

A

1) stimulus location, 2) size and shape of stimulus 3)resolve spatial resolution

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36
Q

How is specificity determined from RF?

A

there is seconday overlap of fields and then subtle differences can be seen between them

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37
Q

what is tactile sensation mediated by?

A

cutaneous receptors

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38
Q

What are the 4 submodalities of tactile sensation?

A

1) discriminative touch 2) non descriminative touch 3) temp 4) pain

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39
Q

what are cutaneous receptors made from?

A

1) modified non neural tissue or 2) axons themselves

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40
Q

What mediates discrimitative touch?

A

mecanoreceptors in CT or around hairs each with its own characteristic

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41
Q

Merkel cell

A

form, tecture - brail reading

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42
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

skin strectc, hand shape and position

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43
Q

Meissner corpuscle

A

skin movement andslip for grip control

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44
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

vibratory stimuli through hand held object

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45
Q

Hair folicle

A

motion/direction of tactile stimuli

46
Q

What are the slow adaptine recptors?

A

Merkel cell - neurtire complesx and ruffini endings

47
Q

What are the fast adapting rectptors?

A

Messiner, pacinian and hair folicles

48
Q

Where are merkel cells?

A

basal layer of epidermis - modified non neural cell

49
Q

Where are rufrini endings

A

deep in the dermis -large and thin spindle shaped

50
Q

Where are meissner corpuscle

A

are nerve cells just deep to epidermis in the dermis

51
Q

Where are pacinian corpuscles?

A

dermis of glabrous skin - encapsulate axon ending

52
Q

Hair folicles do what how?

A

axons surround base of hair to detect touch.

53
Q

how is pacian corpuscle stimulated?

A

physical pressure creates receptor potential that releases glutamate from axon or lamellar cell triggering AP

54
Q

How do pacinian cells adapt?

A

GABA is releases from lamellar cells to inhibit AP

55
Q

What in a small receptive field, where?

A

meissner and merkel, they are concentrated at fingertips

56
Q

what receptors are in larger receptive fields?

A

Ruffini is stretch and pacinian along ulnar and median nerve- over most of region

57
Q

Fast adapt, small field is

A

Messiner

58
Q

Fast and large

A

Pacinian

59
Q

Slow and small

A

merkel

60
Q

Slow and large

A

rufinni

61
Q

what do free nerve ending do?

A

mediate the remaining somesthetic modalities

62
Q

Characteristic of free nerve ending?

A

slow adapting and conductins, smaller A gamma and C axons

63
Q

where do free nerve ending reside?

A

underlie the epidermis or extend into the stratum granulosum

64
Q

Non descrimitative touch

A

high threshold sense of touch, poor localization

65
Q

where do heat and cold receptors lie?

A

within dermis, with slow adaptation to adjust to hot or cold water

66
Q

Where are pain receptors?

A

C and A gamma penetrate into epidermis

67
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

tap, squeze, rup skin stretch C, gamma

68
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

hot or cold c gamma

69
Q

Noiciceptors to types

A

mechano - thermal and polymodal noiciceptor

70
Q

Mechano-thermal detects what?

A

mechanical or thermal tissue damage

71
Q

Polymodal noiciceptor detects what?

A

heat, tissue damage and chemicals C

72
Q

proprioception

A

somatic sensitivity to positon, location, orientation and movement of the joints muscles and fascia

73
Q

what types of axons for proprioception?

A

A a and beta, ruffini, pacianian, spindle and golgi tendon

74
Q

How can the major categories of modalities also be destinguished by?

A

their ascending pathways.

75
Q

What goes with discrimitative touch and proprioception?

A

1) low threshold 2) rapid AP 3) dorsal column leminscal system 4) Quanitative sense for localization os timulus

76
Q

What does wit hnon descrimitative touch pain and temp

A

1) high threshold 3) slower AP 3) anterolateral system 4) qualitative experience

77
Q

What column does descriminative touch, and propriception?

A

Dorsal comumn - Leminscal system

78
Q

In the Dorsal column-leminscal system, what type of neurons convey infomatio where?

A

First, second and third order convey info to spinal cord, brain stem ,thalamus, to cerebral cortex

79
Q

What is a first order neuron?

A

sensory axons, form dorsal columns, and synaps

80
Q

What about second order neurons?

A

axons from medial lemniscus that then go to thalamus

81
Q

What about third order neurons?

A

Project to primary somatosensory cortex in postcentral gyrus

82
Q

What is the anterolateral system for?

A

non descrimitative touch, pain and temp

83
Q

Does the anterolateral sysem do the first sencond third order neruron thing?

A

only part of it does

84
Q

What are the first order neurons and where do they go for anterlateral?

A

sensory axons synaps to sordal horn using substance p, glutamate and NO

85
Q

what does rexed lamina consist of?

A

neuronal groups segregated by modality.

86
Q

where do the second order neurons of the dorsal horn go to?

A

they decussate to anterolateral system

87
Q

what are the two anterolateral pathways?

A

Neospinathalimic tract and paelospinothalamic tract

88
Q

Neospinothalamic tract

A

To lateral thalamus ant somatosensory cortex

89
Q

Neospinathalamic tract is for what?

A

localization of sensation

90
Q

Paleospinothalamic tract is for what?

A

qualitative aspects of pain, temp and non descriminative touch

91
Q

where are the third order neurons for anterolateral path?

A

to somatosensory from thalamic

92
Q

Medial thalamic neurons for what?

A

alerting responses or experience of dull persistent pain

93
Q

Lateral thalamic neurons for what?

A

stimulus localization

94
Q

syringomyelia is what

A

cysts that form in the center of cervical grey matter interruptin decussation of anterolateral second order neurons.

95
Q

what does syringomyela cause?

A

leads to bilateral loss of pain and temp from cericothroacic area of body

96
Q

Brown Sequared syndrome?

A

cut through dorsal and anterolateral spinal cord on one side

97
Q

What does brown sequared syndrom cause?

A

Ipsolateral - loss of discrimitive touch, propriceptions, Contralateral - loss of pain and temp sensations

98
Q

Dermatomes

A

area of skin innervated by one spinal segment they overlap

99
Q

what could a dermatome be used for?

A

to reveal sites of damage to spinal nerves or cord

100
Q

Opthalimic of trigeminal

A

orbidal cavity forehead and top of nose

101
Q

Maxillary

A

nasal cavity, cheel

102
Q

Mandibular

A

oral cavity, chin side of face, ear, external acousite meatus, tympanic membrane,

103
Q

Where does trigeminal nerve project from?

A

from the pons

104
Q

Foramena of trigeminal nerve divisions?

A

opthalim - superior orbital fissure, maxillary - foramen rotundum, Mandibular - foramen ovale

105
Q

are there other branchers to trigeminal?

A

yes cutaneous ones from other foramina, supraorbital, infraorbital, mental etc

106
Q

What are the nucleus that are associated with trigeminal nerve?

A

Principal sensory, spinal trigeminal, mesencephalic, motor

107
Q

Principal sensory nucleus

A

discriminative touch from face

108
Q

Spinal trigeminal nucleus

A

pain and temp from face

109
Q

Mesencephalic nucleus

A

proprioception from masticators, mediate muscle reflex

110
Q

Motor nucleus

A

motor to masticating muscles

Organ systems (14 decks)

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