Limbic 2

Question 1

What are the three different manifestations of emotional experience?

Answer 1

1) Autonomic (physiological and visceral), 2) Behavioral facial expressions, 3) subjective feelings like love, fear and hate and drives like thirst.

Question 2

what part of the brain is associated with the emotional reponsivity and expression?

Answer 2

Prefrontal cortex, Anterior cingulate and insula, Amygdala

Question 3

what are the 2 parts associated with the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 3

orbitofrontal, vmPFC

Question 4

what are five areas of emotional response?

Answer 4

1) cognitive appraisal, 2) bodily symptoms, 3) action tendencies, 4) expression, 5) feelings.

Question 5

What is emotional cognitive appraisal?

Answer 5

outside evaluation of events and objects and internal perception of physiological condition of the body.

Question 6

what are emotional bodily symptoms mostly mediated by?

Answer 6

autonomic nervous system.

Question 7

what are feelings?

Answer 7

Subjective experience of emotional state once it has occurred, based on active interpretation of changes in the physiological condions of the body.

Question 8

what type of cortex is the insula?

Answer 8

viscero-sensory

Question 9

what is the insula, viscerocortex involved in?

Answer 9

maping internal body states , and emotional arousal/feelings

Question 10

examples of what the insula is emotionally aware of:

Answer 10

gut feelings, smell , how body feels like hungry, and perception of the affective aspec of pain and temperature.

Question 11

What is the front and back part of insula for?

Answer 11

front - perceive subjective interoceptive states, affective aspect of pain, Back - (thermoreceptors) somatosensory input

Question 12

what integrates bodily states into higher order cognitive and emotional processes?

Answer 12

the insula

Question 13

what are higer order cognitive/emotional processes?

Answer 13

experience of pain, anger, fear disgust happyness,

Question 14

The insula has connections with what brain areas to help intergrate higher order cognitive/emotional processes? (3)

Answer 14

Prefrontal cortex, cingulate (ACC) amygdala

Question 15

what part of insula does internal and external info for pain, temp touch itch and emotional touch?

Answer 15

the posterior, its somatosensory stuff

Question 16

What part of insula looks and perception of subjective interoceptive states like feelings acrosstime?

Answer 16

the anterior

Question 17

what does the anterior insula intergrate with?

Answer 17

homeostatic, motivational, emotional and cognitive info from Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex.

Question 18

what part of insula is the integrator?

Answer 18

the anterior insula.

Question 19

what part of insula does novel/unexpected tasks and difficullt perceptual tasks?

Answer 19

the anterior insula it can do that because it integrats with lots of areas of the brain.

Question 20

homeostatic change in response to unexpected/novel tasks require what from the insula?

Answer 20

anticipation, a change in adaptive behavior via anticipation

Question 21

what is an overactive insula assocated with?

Answer 21

anxiety disorders and fear conditioning.

Question 22

what is empathy?

Answer 22

ability to feal and understant emotions in ourselves and others, and to feel what you think they would feel

Question 23

what part of the brain enables us to do empathy (pictue of squashed finger)

Answer 23

anterior insula, again the one that does the integration

Question 24

what can activate empathitically activate our anterior insula?

Answer 24

disgusting odarents and observed disgust.

Question 25

where is the almond shaped amygdala?

Answer 25

anterior to the hippocampus in the temporal lobe

Question 26

what is the amygdala involved in?

Answer 26

consolidating memory of cognitive emotion interactions

Question 27

what perceives and gives attention to positive and negative emotional intensity?

Answer 27

amygdala

Question 28

what mediates the effect of the amygdala on the cortex and memory consolidation?

Answer 28

basal forebrain mediates ascending projections from amygdala

Question 29

where do the efferent projects of the amygdala go to?

Answer 29

visual cortex to shape visual perception

Question 30

what do amygdal descending projectons go through?

Answer 30

hypothalamus and brain stem.

Question 31

anxiety, learned and innate fear expression are mediated by what?

Answer 31

amygdala:central nucleus

Question 32

what type of visceral responses are mediated by amyddala?

Answer 32

increased heart rate, dry mouth, ulcers, respiration, vigilance, urination etc.

Question 33

what will amygdala respond mostly to, fear face on someone or anger, Why?

Answer 33

Fear face because of ambiguity, doesn't know how dangerous the fear could be but is sure about anger.

Question 34

how does amygdala maintain vigilance?

Answer 34

activation of basal foregrain nuclei, Ach, to activate cortex. It filters out irrelevant information

Question 35

what area of the brain is assocated with pavlovian conditoning?

Answer 35

amygdala..acquisition of conditioned fear

Question 36

what keeps amygdala from overreacting to something scary?

Answer 36

other cortical areas, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex helps bring things into contex

Question 37

amygdal gets info from what areas so it can find out signifigance of emotional info?

Answer 37

Medial PFC, cingulate, insula, hippo, sinsory assocation and limbic cortices

Question 38

after amygdala gets info what does it do?

Answer 38

consodidate memory, especially fear then send it back to hippo and Medial PFC.

Question 39

when we have a memory that makes us feel fear again what has happened?

Answer 39

amygdal has stimulated hypothalamus and brain stem for learend emotional responses.

Question 40

how does hippocampus effects amygdal when it sees something scary?

Answer 40

gives context like its only a movie, or in a cage

Question 41

what mitigates the amydalas respones to something emotional?

Answer 41

the medial prefrontal cortex.

Question 42

the two areas that keep the amygdala in check when scared by a snake is?

Answer 42

medial prefrontal cortex mediates response and hippocampus that gives context

Question 43

are cues and context processed via the same path?

Answer 43

no, there are different paths for context and cues.

Question 44

what is essential for understanding meaning of cues?

Answer 44

context processing, hippocampus

Question 45

what are the cue processing areas?

Answer 45

amygdala, sensory cortices, posterior insula, parietal and temporail association areas

Question 46

What aore the contex processing areas?

Answer 46

ventromedial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, anterior insula, anterior congulate cortex

Question 47

what is pulvinar nucleus of thalamus a part of?

Answer 47

subconcious pathway, blindsight.

Question 48

how are emotial memorys formed?

Answer 48

processed in sensory systems, then to hippocampus, to make declaritive memory about emotiona and to amygdala for emotional memory

Question 49

what are memories about emoitons?

Answer 49

emotional arrousal forming sematic and episodic memories about it, cognitive representations of emotion

Question 50

how do get to emotional memory?

Answer 50

event to sensory system to inplicit memory system, amygdala

Question 51

how to get to memory about emotion?

Answer 51

event to sensory system to explicit memory in the medial temporal lobe.

Question 52

what is extention of conditioned fear due to?

Answer 52

vmprefrontal cortex inhibiting the amygdala

Question 53

can conditioned fear be eliminated?

Answer 53

no, its still there just supressed

Question 54

what is the vmPFC and fear extention importaint for?

Answer 54

for adaptation to new situations, so you should be able to switch behaviors.

Question 55

what is emotional perservation?

Answer 55

where you can't change your behaviors, failure in extentions. Maladaptive.

Question 56

what does high NE and Da in response to stress to the PFC and amygdala?

Answer 56

Impairs PFC working memory and attention but stimulates amygdala fear condtion leading to anxitey

Question 57

amygdala bias is what?

Answer 57

towards habitual motor responding

Question 58

what biases us tword flexible shifting of attention based on context?

Answer 58

medial PFC and hippocampus

Question 59

Does the Amygdal have Slow thoughtful regulation or rapid emotional responses?

Answer 59

Amygdala = rapid and emotional and PFC = slow and thoughtful

Question 60

what can explain angry emotinal drunks?

Answer 60

alcohol knocks out PFC

Question 61

what neurtransmitter enhances amygdal reactivity and specificity?

Answer 61

NE

Question 62

what can reduce tendency to anxitedy?

Answer 62

propanolol , B adrenergic antagonist. Not scared of emotinal faces

Question 63

What does vmPFC lesion cause?

Answer 63

can't plan ahead, recognize consequences, inhibit amygdala emotions

Question 64

what happens with amydgala lesions?

Answer 64

cant link past experiences to stimul with behavioral consequences, cant recognize facial expressions, less fear/anxiety, less aggression, in appropriate sexual behavior.

Question 65

what is tactile agnosia?

Answer 65

loss of association cortical input means can recognize objects because they have no emotinal meaning.

Question 66

what does amygdal do with personal space?

Answer 66

without one you need less personal space. It governs personal space preference. Has to do with percieved threats