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Organ systems > OS III, Ex II, smell > Flashcards

OS III, Ex II, smell Flashcards

1
Q

What is the olfactory nerve?

A

Cranial nerve 1

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2
Q

what type of receptor cells form the nerves that project into CN !

A

Bipolar receptor cells

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3
Q

what type of materials can activate receptors?

A

Mucous soluble materials

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4
Q

what has odarent receptors?

A

cilia that project into nasal mucous

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5
Q

life span of olfactory receptors?

A

1 - 2 months

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6
Q

How are olfactory receptors replaced?

A

basal stem cells.

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7
Q

Why can elderly people not smell well?

A

overall number of receptor cells decrease with age

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8
Q

what do mucous soluble odarants activate?

A

Na/Ca and Cl ion channels on receptor microvilli

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9
Q

Activation of the ion channels, Na/Ca, Cl does what

A

depolarization and AP generation

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10
Q

what is sensory adaptation?

A

cant smell something after prolonged exposure

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11
Q

what causes sensory adaptation?

A

Ca+ independent and dependent paths that inhibit receptors, close ion channels and remove ions that have got in

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12
Q

How many types of odarant receptors does human have?

A

300 types of odarante receptor, but only one per receptor

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13
Q

What cell type does the bipolar receptor cells innervate in olfactory bulb?

A

mitral cells, this is on the top side of cribiform plate

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14
Q

What converge onto individual mitral cells?

A

axons with similar inputs(smells/receptor type) in groups of 10-100

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15
Q

what is a mitral cell?

A

what the odarant cells innervate with in the olfactory bulb

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16
Q

where does olfactory bulb project to?

A

piriform cortex on the medial surface of the temporal lobe

17
Q

Where does the piriform cortex project olfactory info to?

A

amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

18
Q

What are the characteristics of the primitive piriform cortex? 3

A

Conciousness of odors, singularity, habituation

19
Q

What does piriform cortex neurons respond to?

A

odarent mixtures not components

20
Q

what makes olfactory conscious experient different from vision and audition?

A

the experience is usually singular with one odar event at a time

21
Q

what is it rare for someone to be able to do?

A

recal mental images of odars, or to detect more than one component at a time

22
Q

What is habituation?

A

reduced cortical restponse to continuted chemical stimulation

23
Q

What are the two reasons we can smell the same odor for a prolonged time?

A

Habituation - reduced cortical response and, receptor ataptiation - Ca dep/indep responses at olfactory epithelium

24
Q

what is the point of habituation?

A

to detect new odarants against background of current odars.

25
Q

What does amygdala have to do with olfaction

A

Amygdala is for generating emotion and associatave learining, smell goes through here, that is why a certain scent can bring back such strong memories.

26
Q

what sensations can bring back the strongest emotions

A

smell is greater than both vision and autitory cues

27
Q

what does the following scents do?

A

citrus - improve psychological states and immune function of those with depression, rose - inhibit stress induced skin barrier distruption, orange and laventer - reduce anxiety of patients.

28
Q

where does the piriform cortex and amygdala project to?

A

orbitofrontal cortex OFC, a part of the prefrontal cortex

29
Q

what does the orbitofrontal cortex act with?

A

amygdala in emotion and associative learning

30
Q

what gives us the subjective idea of an odar smelling good or bad?

A

orbitofrontal cortex, OFC

31
Q

what does the OFC, orbitofrontal cortex associate olfactory with?

A

Associates smell with taste, oral texture, visual inputs, to give us food reward value

32
Q

What is retronasal olfaction

A

how taste interacts with smell

33
Q

what is valuation of smell from OFC inportaint for?

A

emotion, and in autonomic responses such as heart rate, skin conductances responses mediated by amygdala

34
Q

what is one draw back to olfacton?

A

the receptors come in direct close contact with brain allowing spread of pathogens

35
Q

how do viruses get to olfactory bulb?

A

they travel along axons, then across synaps to limbic system

36
Q

How do bacteria get to olfactory bulb?

A

penetrate olfactory mucosa cells, then transported into the subarachnoid space leading to meningitus

37
Q

what is intranasal infusion?

A

a way for medications to be delivered to CNS through the nasal mucosa, bypassing the BBB. Insulin can do this.

38
Q

What is another pathway to get from nasal mucosa to CNS

A

through the trigenimal nerve pathway.

Organ systems (14 decks)

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