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Organ systems > central visual pathways > Flashcards

central visual pathways Flashcards

1
Q

How is the visual field bisected?

A

into left and right sides

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2
Q

What happens to the left and right sides of the visual field?

A

each is projected to the opposite side of the brain.

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3
Q

how is the visual field sent to opposite sides?

A

partial decussation of ganglion cells, visual fields project to opposite lateral geniculate body

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4
Q

Where does visual field decussation happen?

A

optic chiasm

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5
Q

What part of the visual field goes to both sides of brain?

A

fovea of retina, center of visual field

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6
Q

What symptoms if you has lesion from one optic nerve?

A

total blindness in one eye, information would still go to both sides of brain from other eye

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7
Q

What is hemianopsia?

A

loss of half of visual field

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8
Q

two types of hemianopsia?

A

heteronymous and homonymous

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9
Q

Heteronymous is what?

A

tunnel vision, loss of opposite visual field due to optic chiasm lesion

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10
Q

Homonymous is what?

A

loss of same side visual field, optic tract lesion on way to LGN

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11
Q

Where do the parvocellular and mangnocellular pathway got to and from?

A

Retina - LGN - Cortex pathway

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12
Q

Cells of the parvocellular path?

A

midget- cones

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13
Q

Cells of magnocellular path?

A

Parasol - rods

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14
Q

Explain parvocellular path

A

Color, high resolution, slow, sustained

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15
Q

Expain magnocellular path?

A

monochrome, low resolution, fast, transient

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16
Q

How are the parvo,magnocellular pathways orientated?

A

Parallel paths LGN then cortex

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17
Q

What path for object perception and ID?

A

parvocellular

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18
Q

What path for motion, direction, alerting, etc?

A

magnocellular

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19
Q

What type of cells are the parvo and magnocellular cells?

A

they are the specialized types of ganglion cells

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20
Q

What type of specialized ganglion cell are there more of in optic nerve?

A

There are more parvocellular, midget cells, 95 percent

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21
Q

What type of specialized ganglion recieves information from the larger group of bipolar,photoreceptor cells?

A

Magnocellular,parasol cells, about 5 percent of axons in optice nerve

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22
Q

Does parvo or magnocellular have the largest center surround?

A

Magnocellular has the large center surround receptive fields cuz it has more photoreceptors

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23
Q

How is the LGN arranged and what does that have to do with the parvo,magnocellular pathways?

A

LGN has 6 layers, the magno,parvo send their info to different layers.

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24
Q

where is the primary visual cortex (VI)?

A

medial surface of occipital lobe.

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25
Q

How are the association visual areas, V2,3,5 arranged?

A

in concentric cortical areas around primary visual cortex

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26
Q

From what cells does Primal visual cortex develop perception of form, color and directon?

A

From the activity of simple and complex cells

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27
Q

The simple and complex cells that give VI info are arranged how?

A

in columns so that they can respond to certain bars,orientations of light.

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28
Q

What does a simple cell do?

A

Combine info from LGN cells, Respond to bars of light in specific orientations

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29
Q

What do complex cells do, where do they get their info?

A

Respond to bars of light in specific orientation, they get info from many simple cells

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30
Q

Do simple or complex cells respond to edges?

A

the simple cells respond to edges

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31
Q

What cells detect position and orientation of structure?

A

complex cell

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32
Q

What does hypercomplex cell do?

A

Detect endpoints and crossing lines

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33
Q

What cortex integrates simple, complex and hypercomplex cell info?

A

Secondary association cortex integrates information to generate sense of familarity of objects

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34
Q

Large receptive fields are sensitive to what?

A

sensitive to low spatial frequencies

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35
Q

What properties do visual cortical columns sort info into?

A

edge orentation, color, size, shape, direction, ocular dominance

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36
Q

What cells do visual cortical columns use to sort info?

A

simple and complex cells

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37
Q

How are visual vortical columns arranged?

A

vertical zies of cortex

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38
Q

What are “blobs”

A

Regions of cortex that Color opponent center surrounds RFs are sorted into

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39
Q

what to blobs process?

A

relative activities of color cells to form perceptial pallate.

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40
Q

what cortal area are blobs within?

A

withinvisual cortical columns

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41
Q

Complex cells in what layers of cortices generate depth perception?

A

complex cells in upper and lower layers of primary and association cortices.

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42
Q

can you get depth perception with just one eye?

A

yes but its by using visual cues

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43
Q

How is binocular depth perception determined?

A

retinal disparity and eye convergence

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44
Q

What is used to provide feedback onto sensory pathways?

A

complex activity generated by the cortical columns

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45
Q

What modulates LGN cells?

A

Brain stemp pathways using NE, AcH, NO

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46
Q

Cortical feedback to LGN shaes sensory input according to what?

A

behavior of the organism

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47
Q

What makes responses to light more discrete in the LGN?

A

cortical feedback, makes more difference between bars of light.

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48
Q

RF is what?

A

receptive field

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49
Q

What can enhance the LGN cortical transmission of stimulus?

A

cortical cells that respond optimally to particular receptive fields of light.

50
Q

What chemical will enhance transmission of visual info by stimulating LGN and cortex?

A

NO and Ach that is released from the brain stem

51
Q

No comes from where?

A

reticular foramen

52
Q

Intense emotions can cause what of LGN?

A

seeing flashes of light.

53
Q

What can modulatory activity do in LGN?

A

shift between arousal and sleep, waking up thalamus for attention

54
Q

What stream is parvocellular stream?

A

The Ventral “what” stream is parvocellular, cones toward the temporal lobe

55
Q

What stream is the magnocellular stream?

A

the Dorsal “where” stream is magnocellular, rods tword parietal.

56
Q

The ventral stream is transmits infro from what area of retina?

A

the fovea, cones for acuity

57
Q

The dorsal where stream transmids info from what area of retina?

A

From the peripheral retina, rods for action to answer how and where

58
Q

Both the ventral and dorsal stream end up at the prefrontal cortex to do what?

A

converge to make working memory

59
Q

Vi cortex projects what to association cortices?

A

orientation, spatial frequency, color

60
Q

Why does VI project info to association cortices?

A

for integration into objects.

61
Q

V2 is for what?

A

angles, illusiory contours, ground or figure

62
Q

V4 is for what?

A

color and comlex shape, corners

63
Q

Iferotemporal cortex is for what?

A

scale and position invariance, Faces

64
Q

Middle temoral is for what?

A

Part of dorsal stream for detecting complex global motion

65
Q

Inferotemporal cortex, IT responds to both halfs of visual field via what?

A

corpus callosum via interhemispheric axons

66
Q

what does Inferotemporal neurons respond to?

A

complex shape,color, facial image, emotional expression

67
Q

What part cortex is responsible for d?j? vu?

A

inferotemporal cortex

68
Q

What can modify both long and short term memory for visual stimuli?

A

Modified by experience, impacted by hippocampus, amygdala,

69
Q

What are the hippocampus and amygdala responsible for?

A

Limbic structures responsible for consolidating memories into cortex

70
Q

What can modity activity of IT, inferotemporal cortex neurons?

A

attention, focus and you notice it more

71
Q

What is visual neglect syndrome?

A

Loss of funciton in half of the visual association cortices

72
Q

What is responsible for face recognition with emotional valence?

A

fusiform gyrus, faster than conciousness

73
Q

What can fusiform gyrus cause if it malfunctions?

A

hallucinations

74
Q

Synesthesia is what?

A

hereditary condition where experience different modalitys simultaneously, color numbers

75
Q

Possible causes of synesthesia?

A

cross activation of neurons in fusiform gyrus

76
Q

what are secondary visual pathways responsible for?

A

non concious visual responses and behavior

77
Q

Where do ganglion cells project for secondary visual pathway?

A

Konicellulary to superior colliculus, melanopsin to pretectum and superchiasmic nucleus

78
Q

Superior colliculus is for what?

A

visual orientatio, saccades, blindsight, emotion

79
Q

Pretectum is for what?

A

pupillary reflex

80
Q

superchiasmic nucleus is for what?

A

circadian fhythms

81
Q

What ganglion cells for circidian rhythem and pupillary reflex?

A

melanopsin ganglion cells to pretectum and suprachiasmic nucelus

82
Q

What ganglion cells for blindsight, emotion, saccades and visual orentation?

A

konicelluular to superior colliculus

83
Q

Does konicellular ganglion have center surround fields?

A

nope, it has large receptive fields,

84
Q

Where does superior colliculus pathway receive input from?

A

Konicellular ganglion, visual , auditory, association and motor areas of cerebral cortex

85
Q

Where does superior colliculus pathway project info to?

A

saccaes eye movement areas, brain stem and spinal cord for head turning

86
Q

what is the main function of superior colliculus pathway?

A

orient head and eyes to visual stimulus, where is it?

87
Q

Saccaes are what?

A

quick, simultaneous movements of both eyes in same directions.

88
Q

what directs saccadic eye movements?

A

cortiical eye field or superior colliculcu

89
Q

Superior colliculus modulates what cranial nerves?

A

III, IV, VI

90
Q

two sypes of saccades?

A

reflex - exogenously triggered, scanning - endogenous

91
Q

when does seeing occur?

A

only between pauses of saccadic eye movement

92
Q

what can cause blind sight?

A

lesion of primay visual cortex

93
Q

what is blind sight?

A

lack of consciousness of visual information, but can still track, grasp point

94
Q

what generates blind sight?

A

extrastriate midbrain pathway, visual input is directed to parietal areas to dorsal stream only

95
Q

What system may explain blindsight phenomenon?

A

primitive visual system

96
Q

Visual emotion pathway

A

konicellular - superior colliculuc - pulvinar of thalamus-amygdala - cingulate - orbitofrontal cortex

97
Q

what does the pulvinar of visual emotional pathway do?

A

convey aversive emotional stimuli to amygdala, cingulate, aond orbitofrontal cortex.

98
Q

Wht does amygdala do for visual emotional path?

A

Stimelates pathway for mental arousal and awarness.

99
Q

Is the visual emotional pathway available in blindsight?

A

Visual emotional pathway is seen in blindsight

100
Q

Externally perceved things involve activation of what?

A

activation of specialized visual areas

101
Q

Internall percieved thing involve what?

A

activation of mostly frontal nad parietal areas

102
Q

What is charles bonnet or deafferentations syndrome?

A

causes hallucinations from increased activity in fusiform face area or color center

103
Q

What deficiency can maybe cause visual hallucinations?

A

cholinergic and serotonergic deficiency

104
Q

What are the two levels of altered neural activity that cause hallucinatios?

A

activation of specific cortex or intercordical connections , neuromodulation of cortical areas by cholinergic and serotonergic paths from reticular formation.

105
Q

Loss of cholinergic and serotonic inputs results in what type of hallucination?

A

more complex

106
Q

What do intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells do?

A

mess with circadian rhythems because they absorm mostly blue light.

107
Q

What nucleus has something to do with circadian rhythems?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

108
Q

What type of ganglion cells project to SCN, suprachiasmic nucleus?

A

melanopsin ganglion cells,

109
Q

what entrain SCN activity?

A

light and dark cycles

110
Q

what does PVN, paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei affect after being affected by suprachiasmic axons?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, hypothalamic release of reproductive and stress hormones.

111
Q

What do neurons in suprachiasmic nucleus specifically target?

A

peripheral clocks, pacemakers in skin, liver, pineal, adrenal etc.

112
Q

What regluates release of melatonin?

A

SCN regulates pineal release of melatonin via SNS

113
Q

what does melatonin regulate?

A

sleep wake cycle, temp, cortisol release, some organs.

114
Q

when is melatonin released?

A

with decrease in light, it promotes sleep

115
Q

what is pupillary light reflex for?

A

maintain right level of light into eye

116
Q

what nuclei does the melanopsin ganglion cells activate?

A

pretectum, edinger-westphal nuclei in midbrain.

117
Q

what does pretectal nucleus do?

A

coordinates both eyes, pupillary constriction

118
Q

what activity increases light entry into eyes?

A

sympathetic activity

119
Q

what muscle raises upper eyelid in response to Sympathetic activity?

A

tarsal muscle.

120
Q

What activates dilator pupillae?

A

postganglionic superior cervical ganglion cells

121
Q

what controls eyelid and iris dilation?

A

sympathetic control both locally and descending from limbic and hypothalamus

122
Q

Horners syndrome?

A

drooping eyelids, ptosis, caused by damage to some aspect of SNS

Organ systems (14 decks)

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