OS III, Ex II, skull, pharyngeal arches and face

Question 1

To main parts of skull

Answer 1

neurocranium- holds brain, and visocranium - face and anterior neck.

Question 2

How are the cartilagious parts of skull formed?

Answer 2

enchondrol ossification

Question 3

How aer the membranous bones of skull formed

Answer 3

intramembranous ossification

Question 4

What parts of neurocranium are cartilaginous?

Answer 4

chondrocranium, the cranial base bones

Question 5

What parts of viserocranium are cartilaginous?

Answer 5

ossicles, hyoid bone

Question 6

What parts of viserocranium are membranous?

Answer 6

face bones

Question 7

what three factors help derive skull bones and cartilage

Answer 7

1) outer epithelial layers, 2) mesodermal somites, 3) neural crest cells migrating from neural tube area

Question 8

what guides the eventual shape of skull?

Answer 8

the soft tissues of the brain, CT and muscle around it.

Question 9

What are the membranous parts of the neurocranium

Answer 9

Vault bones (ones over top) and fotanells that span bones

Question 10

how is the cranial base formed?

Answer 10

cartilage islands fuse , ethmoid, sphenoid, petrous temporal, occipital bones are turned to bone via enchondrial ossification

Question 11

What type of joints between the bones of the cranial base?

Answer 11

synchondrosis types so that they can grow longer and laterally

Question 12

when does the spheno ethmoid and spheno- occipital joints close

Answer 12

in mid teens,

Question 13

What happens in the mid teens?

Answer 13

spheno - ethmoid and spheno occipital joints close making longtudinal growth no longer possible

Question 14

What bones determine the width of the skull?

Answer 14

temporal and sphenoid bones with their lateral growth.

Question 15

what forms the cranial base angle between occipital and sphenoid bones

Answer 15

Remodeling of sphenoid bone that alignes with cephalic ancle of neural tube.

Question 16

What predicts mandible position and susceptibality to malocclusions

Answer 16

cranial base angle between occipital and sphenoid bones

Question 17

Large angel causes what?

Answer 17

under bite

Question 18

Small angel causes what?

Answer 18

under bite, angle pushes jaw more forward

Question 19

Large angle btween Spheno-icc is associated with wat

Answer 19

square jaw ans overbite

Question 20

Small angle is associated with what?

Answer 20

wide angled mandibles, underbite

Question 21

What creates pharyngeal arches?

Answer 21

condensation of mesenchyme and neural crest cells

Question 22

What are the pharyngeal arches associated with?

Answer 22

Cranial nerves, cartilage, and or artery, aortic arch

Question 23

What gives rise to many structures of the anterior neck and face? (visocranium)

Answer 23

pharyngeal arches

Question 24

in the pharyngeal arches, what happen to the cartilage?

Answer 24

most of its replaced via intramembranous ossification

Question 25

What cartilage is replaced via enchondrial ossification?

Answer 25

hyoid and styloid process, the rest of the face is intramembanous ossificaiton

Question 26

Neural crest cells migrates and interacts with what in pharyngeal arche

Answer 26

Neural crest cells interact with mesenchyme

Question 27

What does the neural crest cells and mesenchyme form?

Answer 27

bones, cartilage, skin, arteries and nerves of the face.

Question 28

Where do the pharangeal arches develop, the viso or neuro cranium?

Answer 28

the visocranium is where the pharnygeal arches develop

Question 29

What arches are we concerned with?

Answer 29

Mandibular arch, Hyoid arch, 3rd, 4th and 6th.

Question 30

Mandibular arche does what?

Answer 30

Trigenimal nerve, then the bones of the face, ears, and muscles to work chewing and hearing

Question 31

Hyoind arch does what?

Answer 31

Facial nerve, hyoid, stapes styloid proces, and muscles for swallowing and facial expression

Question 32

3rd arch is for what?

Answer 32

glossopharyngeal, hyoid and stylopharyngeus

Question 33

4th and 6th arch?

Answer 33

vagus nerve, larynx, and muscles of pharynx laryns

Question 34

Groove 1, on the outside is for what?

Answer 34

external acoustic meatus

Question 35

What are the internal 4 pouches for?

Answer 35

Tympanic cavity autidory tube (ear), Palatine tonsil, thymus parathyroid migration, parathyroid and C cell migration

Question 36

How does thyroid gland get to where its going?

Answer 36

descents through tongue, through foramen cecum, thyroglossal duct anterior to hyoid bone and lands below larynx

Question 37

What can go wrong during the thyroids descent?

Answer 37

ectopic thyroid tissue that get stuck along thyroglossal duct

Question 38

what is a pyramidal lobe?

Answer 38

thyroid tissue that didn't quite reach target area, looks like a horn in the middle of thyroid pointing up throat

Question 39

what lobe does face development?

Answer 39

all the arches expand and fuse to form the bones, muscles, and ct of Face

Question 40

How is face formed by the 1st parangeal arche?

Answer 40

medial migraion and fusion of maxillary, mandibular, nasomedial and nasolateral processes.

Question 41

what is the cause of a cleft lip?

Answer 41

Maxillary and medial nasal rominences that fail to fuse properly

Question 42

what causes cleft palate?

Answer 42

failure in fusion of palatine process

Question 43

what fuse to make palate?

Answer 43

palatine processes of maxilla the fuse with septum

Question 44

signs of fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 44

smooth philtrum, thin upper lip and wide set eyes

Question 45

what causes facial signes of fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 45

incorrect closure of maxillary and nasal prominances

Question 46

Other problems with FAS?

Answer 46

stunted physical and emotional development, trouble with time, reality, impulse control, remorse. Cause and effect.