Ortho-Neuro Evaluation Flashcards
What is thenormalized curvature of the cervical spine described as?
Lordotic
What are the functions of the curvature of the cervical spine?
- Provide shock-absorbing mechanism
- Allow head and eyes to remain oriented forward
True of False: The cervical spine is the most mobile region of the spine
True
True or False: The 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae can be considered typical, while the seventh is atypical.
True
What are the primary movements of the C0/C1 joint?
Flexion and extension
True or False: C1/C2 accounts for up to 50% of rotation in the neck
True
What is typical of intervertebral foramina?
- Provide an exit for nerve roots
- Side id dictated by the disc heights and the pedicle shape
- Will lose space with pathologies
What is spinal movement comprised of?
Intervertebral joints and facet joints
What do Von Lushchka’s Joints do?
- Control rotation and lateral flexion
- Provide shock absorption by the curvature of the spince not the disc
True or False: 50% of flexion and extension happens in the upper cervical
True
What is the stomatognathic system?
A complex network of the jaw
What are the key components of TMJ ?
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Zygomatic arch
- Temporal Bone
What is the function of the masseter?
Elevates the mandible (jaw closure) and plays a minor role in protraction
What is the function of the temporalis?
Elevates and retracts the mandible (jaw closure and retraction)
What is the function of the Medial Pterygoid?
Elevates the mandible (jaw closure) and contributes to protrusion. Aids in grinding movements for the teeth
What is the function of the Lateral Pterygoid?
Protracts (protrudes) the amndible and assists in opening the mouth; contributes to side-to-side movements of the jaw
What muscles open the mandible?
Inferior lateral pterygoids
Anterior digastrics
Mylohyoids
What muscles close the mandible?
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoids
Which muscles create lateral excursions of the mandible?
Inferior lateral Pterygoids
Middle Temporalis
Posterior Temporalis
What is a cardinal feature of TMD?
TMJ joint noise
True or False: The Rhomboid adducts the scapula with the lower traps
True
Which muscles are the prime movers for upward rotation of the scapula?
Serratus anterior & Trapezius muscles
True or False: The Latissimus Dorsi attaches to the scapula and the humerus allowing it to adduct and depress the scapula and shoulder complex
True
What motions are in the glenohumeral joint?
Abduction
Extension
Rotation
Flexion
Is the scapula thoracic joint a “true” joint?
No
What are the movements of the scapula?
Protraction
Depression
Elevation
What are the SITS muscles?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
What are the SCM origin and insertion points?
Sternum
Clavicle
Mastoid Process
The AC joint is made up of what two structures?
The Acromion
The Clavicle
What are the glenohumeral articulating surfaces?
The scapula
The humerus
True or False: The radial head is surrounded by a rim and articulates with the spherical capitulum on the humerus.
True
Which bone in the elbow has an hourglass-shaped trochlea?
The humerus
What is the primary function of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) in the wrist?
Cushioning against compressive forces
True or False: Supination is limited by the interosseous membrane and the bony impaction between the ulnar notch of the radius and the ulnar styloid process
True
Which ligament extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid and olecranon processes of the ulna?
Medial collateral ligament
Which muscle is a powerful flexor when the elbow is in 90-degree flexion?
Biceps brachii
What condition is characterized by inflammation at the origin of the flexors of the wrist at the medial epicondyle?
Golfer’s elbow
In elbow extension, which process enters the olecranon fossa?
Olecranon process
True or False: The carrying angle is typically larger in men than in women
False - the carrying angle is typically smaller in men because they have smaller hips
Which nerve roots are associated with the Achilles reflex?
S1, S2
What does a positive Babinski sign indicate?
Upper motor neuron injury
Which reflex is associated with L3, L4 nerve root?
Patellar reflex
What is the characteristic response of an upper motor neuron lesion (UMNL)?
Hyperreflexia and spasticity
What does the presence of clonus indicate?
Upper motor neuron lesion
Which of the following is NOT a feature of lower motor neuron lesion (LMNL)?
Hypertonia
What does the Hoffman’s relex test for?
Upper motor neuron lesion
Which reflex is tested by striking the biceps tendon?
Biceps reflex
Which of the following is a characteristic of a monosynaptic reflex?
Involves a single synapse between sensory and motor neurons
Which reflex involves the C8 nerve root?
Triceps reflex
C4 injury can result in…?
Tetraplegia
A T6 injury can result in…?
Paraplegia
What is a 0 on the muscle grading scale?
No muscle contraction is detected
What is a 1 on the muscle grading scale?
A trace contraction is noted in the muscle by palpating the muscle while the patient attempts to contract it
What is a 2 on the muscle grading scale?
The patient is able to actively move the muscle when gravity is eliminated
What is a 3 on the muscle grading scale?
The patient may move the muscle against gravity but not against resistance from the examiner
What is a 4 on the muscle grading scale?
The patient may move the muscle group against some resistance from the examiner
What is a 5 on the muscle grading scale?
The patient moves the muscle group and overcomes the resistance of the examiner. This is normal muscle strength
Pinprick testing evaluates the sensation of pain which is mediated by (Large or Small?) unmyelinated or thinly myelinated nerve fibers that carry pain and temperature sensations?
Small
Soft touch testing evaluates the sensation of light touch, which is mediated by (large or small?) myelinated nerve fibers that carry touch and proprioception sensations?
Large
What is the primary purpose or neurological assessments?
To evaluate neurological disorders
Reflex testing is used to evaluate the integrity of which type of pathways?
Reflex arcs
Cranial nerve testing invovles evaluating the function of the twelve cranial nerves. True or False?
True
What is a cranial nerve?
A nerve that emerges directly from the brain
What is a dermatome?
An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
Does the brachial plexus supply the lower limbs?
No
What is the clinical relevance of lumbosacral nerve testing?
Diagnosing conditions like sciatic and lumbar radiculopathy
Does myotomal testing evaluate muscle groups supplied by specific spinal nerves?
Yes
Which of the following is a common application of dermatological testing?
Detecting sensory loss or nerve damage
How can neurological assessments enhance acupuncture practice?
By integrating Western and Eastern medicine perspectices to increase better patient outcomes
