Endocrine System

Question 1

What are the glands of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary (Posterior & Anterior)
3. Pineal Gland
4. Pancreas
5. Thyroid
6. Parathyroid
7. Adrenal Glands

Question 2

What are endocrine secretions?

Answer 2

Endo secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Question 3

What are exocrine secretions?

Answer 3

Exocrine secretes to outside of body. Includes secretions into hollow organs. I.e. digestive enzymes, saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, bile

Question 4

What are Paracrine secretions?

Answer 4

These secretions act locally. Like immune related hormones or inflammatory reactions.

Question 5

What three endocrine system glands are located in the brain?

Answer 5

1. Hypothalamus
2. Posterior and Anterior Pituitary
3. Pineal gland

Question 6

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 6

It is part nervous system and part endocrine system.

Nervous system - It regulates thirst, hunger, body temp etc

Endocrine system - it is the master gland of the endocrine system. Creates releasing and inhibiting hormones.

Question 7

What does the posterior pituitary do?

Answer 7

Stores hormones and releases them into the bloodstream.

It stores (ADH) Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.

Question 8

What gland makes ADH and Oxytocin?

Answer 8

Hypothalamus

Question 9

What does ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone) do?

Answer 9

Increases reabsorption of H20 in collecting ducts of the nephron (kidneys).

ADH is released when body fluids become too concentrated.

Question 10

What does oxytocin do?

Answer 10

1. Promotes delivery of fetus by causing uterine contractions
2. Ejection of breast milk
3. Cuddling hormone

Question 11

What hormones does the anterior pituitary make?

Answer 11

FLATPG

1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
2. Luteinizing hormone
3. Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone
4. Thyroid stimulating hormone
5. Prolactin hormone
6. Growth hormone

Question 12

What does follicle stimulating hormone do?

Answer 12

FSH promotes making/maturation of sperm in the testes and oocytes in the ovaries

Question 13

What does luteinizing hormone do?

Answer 13

Surges on day 14 of the female reproductive cycle to trigger ovulation

Question 14

What does ACTH/Adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

Answer 14

It tells the adrenal cortex to make cortisol

Question 15

What does Thyroid Stimulating hormone do?

Answer 15

It tells the thyroid to make thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

Question 16

What does Prolactin do?

Answer 16

It promotes locttion/making of breast milk

Question 17

What does Growth hormone do?

Answer 17

Growth hormone is converted to insulin-like growth factor 1 by liver and then many tissues respond to that.

Question 18

What gland does adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate?

Answer 18

The adrenal cortex

Question 19

What is the Pineal gland located?

Answer 19

Pineal gland is located in the diencephalon of the brain

Question 20

What hormone does the pineal gland create?

Answer 20

It creates Melatonin

Question 21

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 21

The pancreas is located posterior to the stomach. The head of the pancreas nestled in curvature of duodenum and tail goes towards the spleen

Question 22

What hormones does the pancreas make?

Answer 22

1. Insulin
2. Glucagon

Question 23

What does Insulin do?

Answer 23

1. Lowers blood sugar (after eating) by promoting cellular utilization of glucose
2. Promotes glycogenesis - making of glycogen in liver and muscles
3. Promotes adipose tissue to convert glucose to fat (lipogenesis

Question 24

What is Glycogen?

Answer 24

Glycogen is stored glucose. It is stored in the liver and muscles.

Question 25

What does glucagon do?

Answer 25

1. Raises blood sugar during starvation situation 2. Promotes glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen 3. Promotes lipolysis - breakdown of fat 4. Promotes gluconeogenesis - the creation of new glucose from non-glucose sources (i.e. converting fat or amino acids into glucose)

Question 26

What hormones does the thyroid release?

Answer 26

1. Thyroid hormones - T3 and T4 2. Calcitonin

Question 27

What do thyroid hormones do?

Answer 27

It regulates our metabolic rate - the rate at which your cells convert food energy into chemical energy that the cell can utilize (ATP).

Question 28

What does Calcitonin do?

Answer 28

It promotes uptake of calcium by bone. Lowers blood calcium.

Question 29

What is the parathyroid?

Answer 29

The parathyroid is 4 little glands on posterior side of the thyroid

Question 30

What hormone does the parathyroid make?

Answer 30

Parathyroid hormone

Question 31

What does parathyroid hormone do?

Answer 31

It stimulates bone breakdown to raise blood calcium levels

Question 32

What are the two sections of the adrenal glands?

Answer 32

1. Medulla - inner core 2. Cortex - Outer layer

Question 33

What hormone does the medulla of the adrenal glands make?

Answer 33

Epinephrine

Question 34

What does epinephrine do?

Answer 34

Works in conjunction with the sympathetic nervous system. Fight or flight.

Question 35

What hormones does the cortex of the adrenals make?

Answer 35

1. Glucocorticoids 2. Mineralcorticoids 3. Androgens

Question 36

What are glucocorticoids?

Answer 36

Cortisol - raises blood sugar as part of a stress response

Question 37

What are mineralcorticoids?

Answer 37

Aldosterone - causes reabsorption of Na+ (sodium) in collecting ducts of nephron. This is done in response to a drop in blood volume/blood pressure

Question 38

What are androgens?

Answer 38

DHEA - can be used to make sex hormones

Question 39

What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Cycle?

Answer 39

It helps increase blood volume and raise blood pressure

Question 40

What are the steps of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Cycle?

Answer 40

1. Kidneys secrete renin 2. Renin converts angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I 3. Angiotensin I goes to lungs where ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) converts it to Angiotensin II. 4. Angiotensin II stimulate secretion of Alsosterone and ADH which cause constriction of arterioles and to stimulate thirst.