Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What is the location of the heart called?
Mediastinum
What makes the S1 heart sound?
Closing of the A/V valves (tricuspid and mitral valves)
What makes the S2 heart sound
Closing of the Semilunar valves (Aortic & Pulmonary valves)
What is the contraction phase of the heart?
Systole
What is the relaxation or filling phase of the heart
Diastole
What is the order of the cardiac cycle?
S1 - Atrial Systole and Ventricular Diastole
S2 - Atrial Diastole and Ventricular Systole
What is the Frank Starling Law?
The Frank Starling Law states that the force of cardiac muscle contraction is proportional to the preload (or degree of muscle stretch after the filling phase).
List the steps of the conduction system of the heart
- Depolarization starts with the pacemaker which is the SA (sinoatrial node).
- Spreads through the contractile fibers of the atria
- Slows down at the A/V (atrial ventricular node).
- Bundle of His
- Left & right bundle branches
- Moves fastest through the Purkinje fibers
- Spreads through the contractile fibers of the ventricles.
What are the 3 wave types in an EKG?
P wave - SA Node/ Atrial depolarization
QRS Complex - Pukinje/Ventricular depolarization
T wave - Repolarization of ventricles
What is the order of flow in systemic circulation?
- Left Ventricle
- Aorta
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
- Vena Cavas
- Right Atrium
What type of pressure is in the arteries v.s. veins
Arteries have high pressure.
Veins have low pressure.
What is the smallest vessel in which blood flows?
Capillaries. This is also where oxygen exchange takes place.
In general, arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood. What vessels are the exception to that rule?
The pulmonary vessels.
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart to be pumped to the body.
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Which structures do not contain capillaries?
The lens of the eye
Which system is considered the reservoir for blood?
The Venous system or the veins
What are the three arterial branches that come off the arch of the aorta?
- Brachiocephalic trunk (artery)
- Left common carotid artery
- Left subclavian artery
What four arteries bring blood to the brain?
Left and right internal carotid arteries and left and right vertebral arteries which will merge into 1 that will be called the Basilar artery?
Where are ALL blood cells produced?
Red bone marrow which is found in the epiphysis of long bones
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
What is blood pressure?
It is the pressure in the arterial system
What is the function of red blood cells?
- Transport Oxygen and some CO2
What is needed to make hemoglobin?
Iron
What is the molecule that O2 and CO2 attach to on a red blood cell?
Hemoglobin
What is the shape of red blood cells?
Biconcave
What is the hormone that controls red blood cell production?
Erythropoietin
What organ creates the hormone erythropoietin?
Kidneys
Where does erythropoiesis (the making of red blood cells) take place?
Red bone marrow
What is another name for White Blood cells?
Leukocytes
What is the function of leukocytes (WBCs)?
Immunity. These cells protect you from foreign antigens/pathogens
What are the different type of WBCs leukocytes?
- Neutrophils - 1st responders
- Eosinophils - Most active in allergies/parasitic invasions
- Basophils - Make histamine
- Macrophages - engage in phagocytosis
- Lymphocytes - these include T cells and B cells
Which leukocytes engage in phagocytosis?
Neutrophils and macrophages
What are thrombocytes?
Thrombocytes are platelets - they initiate coagulation cascade to clot the blood/stop bleeding.
What is unique about Macrophages?
They are antigen presenting cells. They present the antigens to the T-Helper cells so they can activate the appropriate response.
What is the difference between B and T Cells?
B cells engage in Humoral immunity which is when exposed to a pathogen, B cells mature into plasma cells which make immunoglobulins (aka antibodies)
T cells engae in Cell-Mediated Immunity - Cytotoxic T cells or T killer cells directly attack and kill infected or diseased body cells
