orientation Flashcards
anatomy vs physiology
anatomy: strucutre of the body parts and their relationships to one another
- gross anatomy = seen w/ anked eye
microscopic anatomy = seen with microschope (cytology & histology)
- Developmental anatomy = strucutral changes occuring over a lifetime
Physiology = function of the bodys natural machinery
*inseperable bc shape determines function
what are the levels of strucutral organization?
- Chemical level (atoms combine to form molecules)
- Cellular level: cells made up of molecules
- Tissue level: tissues consist of similar types of cells
- Organ level: organs made up of diff types of tissues
- Organ system: diff organs that work together
- organism: has many organ systems
what are the functions necessary for life?
- maintaining boundaries (cellular and orgnaism level) *sep env form inside
- Movement (locomotion, propulsion and contractility) *promoted by muscular system
- Responsiveness: sense env changes & respond
- Digestion: breakdown of ingested foodstuffs into simple absorbable mol
- metabolism (cata, ana and cellular resp): all chemical rxns that occur in body
- Excretion: removal of body wastes
- reproduction: cellular and organismal level
- Growth: cellular, organ and organismal (increase in size, ability to regrow if damage)
what are the basic requirements for survival
- nutrients: have the chem sub used for energy and cell building
- oxygen: chemical rxn that release energy form food & oxidative rxns
*too much O2 is toxic
- water: environement everythihg is in
- Normal body temp
- appropriate atmospheric pressure: needed for respiration
*exchange volume to maining pressure to have correct distribution of gases
how do homeostatic control mechanisms work?
- has a Receptor control centre and effector
- produces a change in variable, throws off the balance
- Receptor is first point in reflex arc -> Detects change
- Sends info along afferent pathway (arrive) To control centre
Control centre
- Determines set point and what will happen to get to it
- Sends via efferent path (like exit)To effector
Effector
Provides means to respond to a stimulus
Return to normal range
neative feedback cycle
- output shuts off effect of stimulus or reduced the intensity
- causes varibale to change in opposite direction to being back to normal range
*output shutting off intial stimulus
describe the positive feedback cycle
- response amplfies or magnifies the stimulus
- begins: variable leaves homeostatic range
- end: outside factor has to shut off the cycle
Ex; child birth stretching of cervix stim oxytocin release cuaing uterine contracions to push abby against cervix (cycle repeats until baby is delivered)
Superior
toward upper end of body
*head is superior to abdomen
inferior
away from head/ toward lower part
*navel is inferior to the chin
anterior
aka ventral
toward the front of body
*breastbone is anterior to the spine
posterior
toward/ at the back of the body
*heart is posterior to the breastbone
medial
toward the midline of the body - on the inner side
*heart is medial to the arm
lateral
away from the midle of the body - toward the outer side
* the arms are lateral to the chest
intermediate
between amore medial and more lateral structure
- *collarbone is intermediate betweent eh breastbone and shoulder
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part/ limb of attachemnt
- elbow is proximal to the wrist
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the bdoy trunk
*knee is distal to the thigh
what are the different body planes
frontal (coronal), sagittal (median), transverse (horizontal)
*all other secitons are oblique
frontal plane
separates anterior and posterior
what is sagittal
medial
serparates left/right
what is transferse plane
horizontal
separates superior form inferior
what are the main body cavities
Dorsal: contains nervous system
Ventral: contains internal organs
what are the parts of the doral body cavity
* for NS
- cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
what are the parts of the ventrla body cavity?
thoracic cavity (superior mediastinum, plural cavity, pericardial cavity)
diaphram (separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity)
-abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity& pelvic cavity)
what is serosa
serous membrane
- coveres surfaced in the ventral body cavity
*ventral was abdomen & stuff
- has a double layered membrane with: Parietal serosa (lines cavity walls) & visceral serosa (covered the organs)
- separated by cavity filled w/ serous fluid for lubrication (fluid is secreted by both layers of the membrane
**fist is organ, outer balloon = pateital serosa, inner = visceral serosa, air in balloon + serous vacity
what are the lesser cavities that are exposed to environemnt
- oral & digestive
- nasal cavity
- orbital cavity
- middle ear
*synovial cavities are not exposed to the env (joint cavities)
what cavities are not exposed to the environment
synovial cavities (joint cavities)
symmetry of the abdomen
not symmetrical
- ahs 4 quadrants that you can ue to describe where the structures are:
right upper quad (RUQ), Left upper quad (LUF), Right lower quad (RLQ) and left loewr quad (LUQ)
*hypochondriac means under cartilage of breast bone (upper abdomen)
*epi means over
*lateral means side of
*romans called bully button umbilicus aka umbilical region
*inguinal means groin (iliac is wing of pelvic girdle)
*hypogastric means medial lower abdomen
