3.3 Skeletons: Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
Overview of Appendicular skeleton
- symmetrical
- pectoral and pelvic girdles attach limbs to body trunk
- each limb has 3 major segments
Describe the pectoral girdle
Paired clavicla and scapula
- attach upper limbs to axial skeleton
- site for muscles moving upper limbs
- connects with axial skeleton at manubrium
- incomplete ring posteriorly
describe the clavicle
acts like brace to hold scapulae and arms out laterally
- smoth superior surface, rough inferior surface
- plattened acromial (lateral) end articualates with scapula
- Cone shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with sternum
describe general structure and location of scapula
- situated on posterior surface of rib cage (between ribs 2-7)
- flat triangular with 3 boarders and 3 angles
Anterior vs Posterior Scapula
Anterior
- Glenoid cavity/ Fossa
- contribuets to glenohumeral joint
- subscapular Fossa
- site of muscle attachment
- Coracoid Process
- anchors muscles and ligaments
Posterior Scapula
- Acromion
- articulates w/ clavicle (acromioclavicular joint)
- Supraspinous Fossa
- muscle attachment
- Spine of scapula
- muscle atachment
- infraspinour fossa
- muscle attachment
- glenoid cavity
Lateral Scapula
basic structure of upper limb
30 bones
3 regions: arm (humerus), forearm (radius & ulna), Hand (8 carpal, 5 metaparpal and 14 phalanges)
what is the humerus
largest longest strongest bone of upper limnb
articulates: poimally (glenoid cavity) and distally (radius and ulna)
* gelnoid = the shallow depression of the scapula found on the lateral angle
what are the structures of the Right Humerus?
Superior
- head of humerous
- greater tubericle (lateral)
- lesser tubricle (anterior)
- *tubercle = rounded projection/process
- intertubercular sulcus (sulcus = furrow)
- anatomical and surgical necks
inferior
- Capitulum (lateral condyle)
- lateral and medial epicondyle
- point of attachemnt for ligaments
- Trochlea (modial condyle
- condyle = rounded articular projection
- Radial, coronoid and olecranon fossa
*
what are the bones in the forarm?
Radius
- Lateral bone in forarm
- head articulates with capitulum of humerus & ulna
- contributes to wrist joint
Ulna
- medial bone in forarm
- forma major portion of elbow joint w/ trochlea of humerus
Trochlear notch: upper end of ulna, semilunar aka trochlear, articulates with the trochlea of the humerus (upper arm bone) to form the elbow joint.
Olecranon process: bony part of elbow
what is this
poximal portion of ulna, lateral view
structure of the hand
12 phalanges
5 metacarpals
8 carpals
structure or carpals
start at scaphoid and go clockwise
Scaphoid: s shaped
lunate: shaped like cresent
triquetrium: pyramid tri shaped
pisiform
hamate
capitate: largest and central
trapezoid: kina looks like a trapezoid
trapezium: kidna rhyms with thumb
So Long Tiny Piny Here Combs The Thumb
metacarpus and Phalanges
Metacarpus: 5 bones that form the Palm
*THUMB IS 1
Phalanges: proximal, moddle and distal regions
*Thumb aka pollex only has distal and proximal
Struture of the Pelvis girdle
- 2 coxal bones consisting fo 3 fused bones
- forms bony pelvis with sacrum and coccyx
function:
- attach lower limbs to axial skeletion via strong ligaments at acetabulum
- support pelvic rogans
- trasnmit weight of upper bdoy to lower libs
struture of ilium
superior large flaring bone w/ body and ala
- posterior surface - gluteal surface
- articulates w sacrum medially (auricular surface)
*has 4 spines: posterior superior, anterior superior, posterior inferior, anterior inferior
locations of iliac spines (think corners of square)
which iliac spine makes back dimples
posterior superior iliac spine
what is the Ischium and structures
- posterior inferior part of the hip bone
pubis
- anterior portion of hip bone
- V shaped with superior and inferior pubic rami
Midline: pubic symphysis
true vs false pelvis?
wat is the pelvic outlet
False pelvis: superior to the pelvis brim
True pelvis: inferior to pelvic brim
Pelvic outlet: bounded by pubic arch, ischia, sacrum and coccyx
Male vs female pelvis
General structure
- female: tilted forwards, adapted for child breading, cavity of true pelvis is board shallow and has greater capacity
- male: less forward tilt, adapted to support heavier build, cavity is narrow and deep
Bone thickness
- female: less bones, lighter, thinner
- male: heavier bones, thicker
Acetabula:
- female: smaller and farther apart
- Male: larger and closer together
Pubic arch:
- female: broaded 80-9-0 deg - more rounded
- male angle is more acute 50-60 deg
Overview of the lower limbs
30 bones
- 3 regions: thigh, leg and foot
*carries body weight
struture of femur
- largest and strongest bone in body
- ball shaped head articulates proximally w/ acetabulum (he socket of the hipbone)
what is the patella
- part of lower limb
- trangular sesamod bone
- imbedded in tendon that secures quadricep muscles
- imporves leverage of high muscles across knee
- protects anterior knee joint by running alone patellar surface of femus
what are the bones of the elg?
- head
- medial and lateral condyle
tibial tuberosity: attaches quadriceos femoris
- Tibia: medial leg bone, articulared w/ femus, transmits weight to foot
fibula: not weight bearing, no articulation with femus - lateral and medial malleolus
regions of the foot
phalanges (14), metatarsals (5) and tarsals (7)
describe the Tarsals
- transfer wight from tibia to calcaneus
- med a medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform
- navicular (think this is the boat and the cuneiforms ride in it)
- talus,
cuboid
- calcaneus
metatarsals and phalanges
phalanges: bones of toes, II - V has 3 phalanges
*Hallux (I) has no middle
Metatarsals (5): enlarged head of metatarsal I forms “ball of foot”
Describe the arches of the foot
- maintained by interlocking bones, ligaments and tendond
- allow foot to bear weight
- ligaments and muscles suporting arches allow for “springiness”
transverse arch: posterior metatarsals & anterior tarsals
Medial longitudional arch: calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, metatarsals 1-3
lateral longitudinal arch: calcaneus, cuboid and metatarsal IV-V
composition of transverse arch
posterior metatarsals and anterior tarsals
composition of longitudinal arch
calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, metatarsals 1-3
compostion of lateral lonitudinal arch
- calcaneus, cuboid, metatarsal IV-V
