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Anatomy (Pharm 110) > 6.1 Central Nervous System > Flashcards

6.1 Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe embryonic developemnt of the brain

A

starts as neural tube

  • then develops pockets that expand, starts to wrap and get lobes
  • then get secondary brain vesicles (telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and Myelencephalon_
  • then develop into adult brain structures
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2
Q

What happens in brain development at week 5

A

2 major flexures form, cause telencephalon and diencephalon to angle toward brain stem

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3
Q

what happens to brain development at week 13

A

Cerebral hemispheres develop & grow posterolaterally (black arrows) to enclose diencephalon & rostral brain stem

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4
Q

what happens to brain development at birth

A

shows adult pattern of structures and convulutions

*lots of dumps and grooves to ince SA

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5
Q

What are the regions of the adult brain

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres (has all the bumps and gorrvs)
  2. Diencephalon (middle part)
  3. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla) (brain stem)
  4. Cerebellum
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6
Q

Orientation words for brain

A

superior = dorsal

inferior = ventral

anterior = rostral

posterior - caudal

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7
Q

What are the five paired lobes of the cerebrum?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

  • have a bonus cortex deep to temporal lobe called Gyri of insula

*looks like boxing glove, thumb = temporal lobe

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8
Q

What are gyri, sulci and fissues

A

Gyri: Ridges (sticks up)

Sulci: shallow grooves

Fisue: deep groove

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

what separates teh precentral and postcentral gyrus

A

central sulcus

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11
Q

What separates the temporal from frontal and parietal lobes?

A
  • lateral sulcus/sylvian fissue

*can pull this back to see insular

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12
Q

what separates the cerebrum from cerebellum

A

transverse cerebral fissure

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13
Q

what separates left and right hemispheres

A

longituinal fissue

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14
Q

what separates parietal and occipital lobes

A
  • parieto-occipital sulcus
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15
Q

what separates the primary visual cortex

A

calcarine sulcus

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16
Q

What protects the brain?

A
  1. SCALP
  2. bone (skull)
  3. Blood brian barrier
  4. Membranes (meninges)
  5. Watery cushion (cerebrospinal fluid)
17
Q

what are the layers of the scalp?

A

S: Skin

C: Connective tissue (dense)

A: Aponeurotic layer

L: Loose connective tissue

P: pericranium

18
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A
  • helps maintain a stable environment for brain (doesnt like change, needs stable environment (nervous tissue)
  • physically separates neurons from certain bloodborne substances
  • Acts as a metabolic barrier (Circulating catecholamines are inactivated by MAO in endothelial cells)

• Surrounds majority of brain tissue -> Absent in some areas (e.g. vomiting centre = area postrema & pituitary)

19
Q

How do brain capillaries compare to most other capillaries?

A
  • both have endothelial cells (simple squamous), pericytes (help support), and basement membrane
  • brain cap have Astrocyte feet (wrap around capillaries to help insulate and alter permeability)

*form tight junctions

  • these tight junctions between endothelial (epithelial) cells are keey in BBB -> excluse molecules except those that are lipid soluble from rbain tissue
20
Q

what are the different transport routes in the blood brian barrier

A
  1. paracellular aqueous pathway
  2. transcellular lipophilic pathway
  3. transport proteins
  4. efflux pumps (extrude drugs)
  5. Receptor mediated transcytosis
  6. adsorptive transcytosis
  7. cell mediated transcytosis
21
Q
A
22
Q

What is the role of the meninges

A

* membranes

Cover & protect CNS

  • Form partitions in skull
  • Protect blood vessels & enclose dural venous sinuses
  • Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
23
Q

what are the layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater (hard mother )

– Arachnoid mater (spider mother)

– Pia mater (soft mother -> think pliable)

*dura = most superficial, pia = deep

24
Q
A
25
Q

desribe dura metter

A

*most durable

  • two fused layers of fibrous connective tissue (dense regular)
  • has periosteal and meningeal layers

*meningeal layer projects down into the longitudiional fissue

  • has epidural space above and subdural space below

*both potential spaces, want it to be fused but could separate and has potential to create space -> intracranial bleed

26
Q

What is Dura Mater Septa

A

two fused layers of meningeal dura metter

  • Dural septa limits excessive movement of brain
  • has flax cerebri (mid sag, occipital and cerebellum), tentorium cerebelli (transverse progections) Falx cerebelli (sep left and right cerebellum hemispheres)
27
Q

What is arachnoid matter?

A
  • middle later with weblike extensions
  • separated from dura metter by subdural space (potential space)

subdural arachnoid space = real space w/ CSF and blood vessels

  • Arachnoid villi protude into superior sagittal sinus to reabsorb CSF

^allows body to get rid of CSF thats circulating, can calcify as get older

28
Q

What is Pia matter?

A
  • layer of delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to brain

*follow bumps and groves

29
Q
A
30
Q

What is CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

  • Functions
    • give buoyancy to brain
    • protects CNS from blows & trauma (think egg in jar of water, only some protection)
    • nourishes brain and carries chemical signals
    • clears wastes

*lined w/ ependymal cells, wastes and unnecessary solutes are absorbed and getfiltrate with glucose, O2, vitamins and ions (Ca, Cl, Mg etc)

31
Q

describe the blood filtrate by coroid plexus

A

Location: ventricles + subarachnoid space

– Produces ~500mL/day

– Constant volume (~125-150ml)

*junk in holes are chorid plexus, helps make CSF

32
Q

describe the ventricles of the brain

A

“holes”

  • connects to one another and to central canal of psinal chord (tiny hole runs down spinal)
  • contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • lined by ependymal cells
33
Q

pathway of CSF

A
34
Q

What are the ventricesl fo the brain

A
  1. Lateral
    • lateral so not on midline
    • starts at temporal lobes, loop up and around to midline looks like ram horm
    • have 2 of them but o not call 1 and 2 bc they are equal

*After lat ventricle CSF goes thru interventricular formaen, that connects lateral and 3rd ven

  1. 3rd ventricle
    • on midline
    • looks like bird, head is the ventricle

*CSF goes down cerebral aquaduct, connects 3rd to 4th ventricle

  1. 4th ventricle
    • separates ponds and medulla from cerebrellum

*CSF can then go down central canal, exit through med or lateral apetures (ends up in sub arachnoid space) OR central canal of spinal column

35
Q

what do subarachnoid villi do

A

move CSF into dural venous sinuses

36
Q

Describe the dural venous sinsues

A
  • start with superior sagital sinus (msot superficial margin on falx cerebri) or inferior sagittal sinus
  • inferior -> straight sinus *then joins superior sagittal sinus
  • both go down transverse sinus (2x -> no longer midline, travel transversely in superficial margin )
  • then does to sigmoid sinus (x2)
  • sigmoid becomes interanl jugular vein (vein otuside the skull)
37
Q

*LOOK AT HER VIDEO ON THIS FIGURE PUTS IT ALL TOGETHER

A

Anatomy (Pharm 110) (41 decks)

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