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Anatomy (Pharm 110) > 8.0 eye anatomy > Flashcards

8.0 eye anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

where are most sensory receptors located

A

70% aof all sensory receptors are in the eye

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2
Q

what are the accessory structures of the eye

A

Eyebrows

Eyelids

Conjunctiva

lacrimal apparatus

extrinsic eye muscles

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3
Q

what is the purpose of eye brows?

what controlls them

A
  • coarse hairs that overlie the supraorbital margins
  • shade the eye from sun and prevent perspiration from reaching the eye

controlled by corrugator supercilii (move eyebrown medially), orbicularis oculi (depresses brows)

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

role of palpebrae (eyelids)

A

separated by Palpebral fissure

  • commissures: medial and lateral angles (connection point for eyelid)
  • levator palpebae superioris msucle controlles upper eyelid
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6
Q

what are tarsal glands

A
  • accessory palpebrae (eyelids)
  • embedded in tarsal plates, theri ducts open at the eyelid edge
  • produce an oily secretion to lburicate edges of eyeball
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7
Q

describe the conjunctiva

A
  • lines eyelids as the palpebral conjunctiva
  • coveres whites of eyes as ocular (bulbar) conjunctiva
  • lubricates and protects the eye
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8
Q

describe the lacrimal apparatus

A
  • lacrimal glands secrete tears
  • > Contain mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme
  • > teats exit via excretory ducts
  • > collect at lacrimal punctum
  • > drain into nasolacrimal duct

*lacrimal caruncle contains glands that secrete a whitish oily secretion

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9
Q

Describe extrinsic Eye Muscles

A
  • enable the eye to follow moving objects and maintain the shape
  • four rectus muscles originate from the annular ring (superior, inferior, medial and lateral)
  • two oblique muscles move eye in vertical plane (superior and inferior)
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10
Q

what cranial nerves control the different muscles of the eye

A

LR6SO4R3

Lateral Rectus: moves eye laterally CN VI

Medial rectus: moves eye medially CN III

Superior rectus: elevates eye and turns it medially CN III

Inferior rectus: depresses eye and turns it medially CN III

Inferior oblique: elevates eye and turns laterally CN III

Superior oblique: depresses eye and turns laterallu CN IV

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11
Q

structure of eye ball

A
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12
Q

What is the fibrous tunic

A

-f orms the outermost coat of eye, is composed of:

opaque sclera: protects the eye and anchord extrinsic muscles

Clear cornea: anterior, lets light enter the eye

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13
Q

Describe the vascular tunic, what are the parts?

A

*choroid region

  • has 3 regions; choroid, ciliary body, and iris
  • Choroid region
    • dark bron memrbane that forms the posterior portion of uvea and supplied blood to all eye tunics
  • Ciliary body
    • thickened ring of tissue surrounging the lens
    • anchord suspensory ligaments that holds the lens in place
  • iris
    • close/brige light -> pupils constrict
    • distant/dim light -> pupils dilate
    • changes in emotional state can also cause populs to dilate
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14
Q

what muscles cause pupils to dilate vs constrict? What system regualtes this

A

constriction: sphincter pupillae muslce, reg by parasympathetic

Dilation: dilator pupillae muscle, reg by sympathetic

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15
Q

where are photo receptors located? what are the two layers?

A
  • located in the retina
  • Outer pigmented later:
    • absorb light and prevents it from scattering in the eye
    • acts as phagocytes to remove dead or damaged photoreceptor cells
  • Transparent inner neural layer
    • out pocket of the brain, retina contains millsion of photoreceptors
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16
Q

what does light cross when comes through retina

A
  1. through ganglion cells
  2. neuclei of bipolar cells
  3. then gets to nuceli of rods and cones
17
Q

what is macula lutea

A
  • area of eye without blood vesels on surface
  • improtant for high cirspnedd of eye, done want anyhitng to block that
18
Q

describe macular degeneration

A
  • foten age related (AMD)
  • involved buildup of visual pigments in the retina

Dry MD: degredation and los of pigmented epithelial layer

Wet: abnormal blood vessel growth

19
Q

describe retinopathy

A
  • can happen in diabetes patients
  • vessels have weak walls, causes hemorrhaging and blindness
  • > BV leakage, if enough leakage will get blindness
  • body cant clear clots bc fluid is not renewably, its jelly like and will stay there
20
Q

describe the inner chambers and fluids of the eye: posterior segment

A

* lens separates the anterior and posterior segments

  • posterior is filled with vitreous humor
  • > clear gel that allows for the transmission of light
  • > intraocular pressue (IOP) helps hold the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer
21
Q

Describe the anterior segment of the eye

A
  • anterior segment has 2 chambers: anterior ( between cornea and iris) and posterior (between iris and lens)
  • filled with aqueous humour that is produced by cilliary process
  • > plasma fluid that fills the anterior segment
  • > drains via the scleral venous sinus
  • > supports, nourishes and removes waste
22
Q

What collacts aqueous humour

A

Scleral venous sinus

23
Q

what is the anterior segment filled with, how is it produced

A

aqueous humour

  • small amount is produced constantly by silliary process (folws fromposterior -> anterior chambers)
  • equal amount flows out of eye through microscopic drainage system - trabecular meshwork (collects it)

0 then goes to Schelmm’s canal or Scleral venous sinus

24
Q

what is glaucoma

A

Disease of the optic nerve

  • blind spots develop & usually go undetected until optic nerve is significantly damaged
  • Leading cause of blindness, especially for older people

*due to changes in intraocular pressure which damages optic nerve

  • aqueous humour does not flow thoruhg trabecular meshwork properly -> voertime, IOP increases, damaging the optic nerve fibers
25
Q

Which eye fluid changes? which is static

A

Aqueous humour: fluid that changes

Vitrious humour: static fluid

26
Q

what is the lens? what does it contain?

A
  • lens = biconvex, transparent, flexible avasucular struture
  • > allows for percise focusing of light onto retina
  • > composed of epithelium and lens fibers

lens epithelium; cells that differentiate into lens fibers

lens fibers: cells filled with transparetn protein called crystallin

27
Q

what happens to the lens during agins

A

the lens becomes more compact and dense, and loses its elasticity

*cant focus on close objects

28
Q

what is the lens attached to? what happens when it contracts vs when it is relaxed

A

lens is attached to ciliary muscle by inelastic ligaments (zonules)

  • when relaxed: ligaments pull on and flatten the lens (see objects farther)
  • when contracts: it releases tension on ligaments and lens becomes more rounded (see closed obejcts)
29
Q

what are cataracts

A
  • improper clumping of crystaline protein which reduces the ability of light to reach the back of eye

Anatomy (Pharm 110) (41 decks)

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