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Anatomy (Pharm 110) > 6.3 Functional brain system > Flashcards

6.3 Functional brain system Flashcards

1
Q

What are functional brain systems

A

Networks of neurons that work together & span wide areas of brain

– Limbic system

– Reticular formation

–Direct & Indirect pathways of the basal nuclei

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2
Q

describe the limbic system, what are the general functions?

A
  • Structures from medial cerebral hemispheres & diencephalon
  • Cerebral structures encircle (limbus=ring) superior brainstem
  • General functions are:
  1. Establish emotional states
  2. Linking conscious, intellectual functions of cerebral cortex with unconscious & autonomic functions of brain stem
  3. Facilitating memory storage & retrieval
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3
Q

what is the amygdala

A

structure of limbic system

  • Almond-shaped nucleus, anterior to tail of caudate & deep in medial temporal lobes

– Critical for responding to perceived threats

– Required for emotional memory

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4
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A
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5
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus

A
  • part of limbic system

– Located along medial aspects of cerebral hemispheres next to corpus callosum

– role in responding to perceived threats, expressing emotions via gestures, & resolves mental conflict when frustrated

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6
Q

What is the hippocampus

A

part of limbic system

  • located in medial temporal lobe
  • Connected to mammillary bodies of hypothalamus via white matter (Fornix)

– Plays a role in learning, memory & emotion

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7
Q

how is the limbic system involved in emotion and cognition

A

Limbic system interacts with prefrontal lobes:

– Can react emotionally to things we consciously understand to be happening

– Are consciously aware of emotional richness in our lives

has:

  • diencephalon structures, fiber tracts (white matter) and cerebral structures
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8
Q

Decribe reticular formation

A
  • 3 braod columns along length of brain stem
  • has far-flung aconal connections w/ hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortx, cerebellum, spinal chord

Motor function: (some)

  • regulate visceral motor functions (vasomotor, cardiac and respiratory centers)
  • helps control coarse limb movements
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9
Q

What is RAS

A

reticular activating system

*keeps your conscious

  • sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep conscious, alert and enhance excitabiltiy
  1. filters out repetitive & weak stimuli (99%)
    • LSD interfers with sensory dampers, promoting and overwhelming sensory overload
  2. inhibited my sleep centers of hypothalamus and other neural regions
  3. Depressed by alcohol, sleep inducing drugs and tranquilizers
    • aka cant keep cortex active
  4. Severe injurt results in premanent unconsciousness
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10
Q

Describe consciousness

A
  • involves simultaneous activity of alrge areas of the cerebral cortex
  • > conscious perception of sensation,
  • > voluntary initiation and control of movement
  • > capabilities associated with higher mental processing (memory, logic, judgement etc)
  • defined on continum that grades behaviour in response to stimulse:
    1. Alertness, 2. Drowsiness 3. Stupor (severely intoxicated) 4. Coma
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11
Q

What is sleep

A
  • State of partial unconsciousness -> can be aroused by stimulation
  • Alternating cycles of sleep & wakefulness reflect a natural circadian rhythm
  • RAS activity is inhibited during sleep (however RAS also mediates dreaming)

*RAS not “turned off” bc still has a role

• Suprachiasmatic & preoptic nuclei of hypothalamus time sleep cycle

–> Releases peptide orexins which activate reticular formation (“wake-up” chemical)

*orexins accumulate as sleep goes on

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12
Q

what are the types of sleep

A

2 major types of sleep: nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and Rapid eye movement (REM)

  • Typical sleep pattern alternates between REM & NREM sleep
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13
Q

Describe the importance of sleep

A
  • Slow-wave sleep (NREM stages 3 & 4) presumed to be restorative stage

*Sleep deprived people spend more time in these stages •

People deprived of REM sleep become moody & depressed & exhibit various personality disorders

– >REM sleep may give brain the opportunity to work through emotional problems in dream imagery

  • REM sleep may be a reverse learning process purge useless info
  • Enhances immune system: Sleep inducing factors include Interlukin-1, interferon, serotonin & tumor necrosis factor
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14
Q

Describe memory

A
  • storage and retrieval of info
  • 2 stages of storage
    1. Short term memory: temporary holding of info, limited to 7-8 pieces of info
    2. Long term memroy: limitless capacity
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15
Q

How is info transfered from STM to LTM

A

Factors that affect transfer from STM to LTM

  1. Emotional state:best if alert, motivated, surprised, & aroused
  2. Rehearsal: repetition & practice
  3. Association: tying new information with old memories
  4. Automatic memory: subconscious information stored in LTM
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16
Q

Describe the molecular basis of memory

A

during learning:

  • > alterned mRNA is synthesized and moved to axons and dendrites
  • dendritic spines change shape
  • extracellular protiens are deoposited at synapses involved in LTM
  • number & size of presynaptic terminals may increase
  • More neurotransmitter is released by presynaptic neurons

* memory goes backwards: Axons -> dendrities, strengthens circuits to make AP generation easier (like drawing over a shape over and over)

17
Q

WHat are teh categories of memory

A
  • declarative (explicit) and non declarative (implicit)

Declarative: semantic (facts), episodic (events), spatial (locations) memory

*aka I know this info

Nondeclarative (implicit): emotional, motor, proecdural (how to do things) memory

*aka more motore based, harder to put into words

18
Q

What is declarative memory?

A
  • Related to conscious thoughts & language ability
  • Stored in LTM with context in which it was learned
  • Hippocampus & surrounding temporal lobes function in consolidation & access to memory
  • ACh from basal forebrain is necessary for memory formation & retrieval

* Info comes in (sensory input) -> association cortex medial temporal lobe (hippocampus)

then can go to thalamus (relay station) OR prefrontal cortex (how to act on info)

*Ach is what allows pathways to work properly

19
Q

What is nondeclarative memory?

A

*remember by doing, harder to undo

  • Less consciour or unconscious
  • aquired through experience and repetition (best remembered by doing; hard to unlearn)
  • Emotional memory: amygdala

Motor memory: cerebellum

Procedural memory: basal nuclei relay sensory & motor inputs to thalamus and premotor cortex (allows to do things in patterns)

*Dopamine from substanta niagea is necessary

*sensory & motor inputs -> associaltion corex -> Basal nuclei -> thlamus -> premotor cortex

20
Q

What do the direct and indirect circuits involve

A
  • Cortex (Glu)
  • Lentiform nuclei: putamen & globus pallidus (GABA)

* Note: GPi & GPe are tonically active -> default suppression of thalam

  • Thalamus (Glu)
  • Subthalamic nuclei (Glu)
  • Substantia Nigra: Pars compacta (Dopamine)
  • both circuits have same input that take diff pathways to get to same output
21
Q
  • direct circui _____ SNpc dopamine input while indirect is____ by SNpc dopamine
A
  • direct circuit excited by SNpc dopamine input while indirect is inhibited by SNpc dopamine
22
Q

When an excitatroy fires a lot, the postsynaptic neuron will fire ____

When excitatroy neuron fires a little the post synpatic neuron will fire _____

A

When an excitatroy fires a lot, the postsynaptic neuron will fire a lot

*somebody screaming at you go go go

When excitatroy neuron fires a little the post synpatic neuron will fire a little

* somebody says quietly go

23
Q

When an inhibitory neuron fires a lot, the postsynaptic neuron will fire ____

when an inhibtroy neuron fires a little, the psot synaptic neuron will fire _____

A

When an inhibitory neuron fires a lot, the postsynaptic neuron will fire a little

* like yelling STOP

when an inhibtroy neuron fires a little, the psot synaptic neuron will fire a lot

*comparison to when have a lot of inhibition

24
Q

pathway anatomy of the direct pathway

A

Cortex -> caudate/ putamen -> GPi -> Motor thalamus -> motor cortex

25
Q

What is Effect of direct pathway on thalamic input to cortex

A

INC excitatory thalamic input to cortex

(excitatroy, -> glu release)

26
Q

What is Effect of direct pathway on motor activity

A
  • turns UP motor activity
27
Q

What dopamine receptor is used in direct pathway

A

D1 (exctatory, Glu release)

28
Q

describe dopamine input from substantia nigra in the direct pathway

A

Excites/enhances pathway to increase thalamic output to cortex

(more motor activity)

29
Q

Describe ACH input to Caudate/Putamen in direct pathway

A

Inhibits (turns down) pathway to decrease motor activity (GABA release)

30
Q
A
31
Q

Describe pathway anatomy of indirect pathway

A

Cortex -> caudate/putamen -> GPe-> substalamic N -> GPi -> Motor thalamus -> Motor cortex

32
Q

Describe effect of thalamic imput on cortex in the indirect pathway

A

DEC excitatiory thalamic input to cortex (Glu release)

33
Q

Describe effect of indierct pathway on motor activity

A

turns DOWN motor activity (Gaba release)

34
Q

What dopamine receptor is used in indierct pathway

A

D2

-inhibitory (GABA release)

35
Q

Effect of dopamine imput from Substantia nigra on indirect pathway

A
  • inhibits /depresses pathway to increase thalamic output to cortex (more motor activity)
36
Q

Effect of Ach input to caudate/ Putamen in indirect pathway

A

Excited (turns up) pathway to decrease motor activity

37
Q
A

Anatomy (Pharm 110) (41 decks)

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