Orginisation(B)(p1/2) Flashcards
Explain the levels of organisation in organism?
1.Organelles: ‘sub-cellular structures’
2.Cells: ‘combined sub-cellular structure to become specialised cells’’ [muscle]
3.Tissue: ‘group of similar cells working together to carry out functions’ [epithelial tissue]
4.organs: ‘’group of different tissue working together to perform particular function”[pancreas]
5.organ systems : group of organs working together to perform function’[digestive system]
- Organism
How does temperature effect enzymes rate of reaction?
The high temperatures starts to break the bond holding the enzyme together. Then (active site) changes shape.
If enzyme changes shape enough. They will not be able to bind substance. (denatured enzyme)
How does PH affect functions of enzymes?
• bonds holding enzymes begin to break down, activity site changes shape, meaning it takes longer to fit substrates in. However if it changes shape to much. The substrate can not fit in.(denaturing enzyme)
What are carbohydrates?
Molecules made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
-small carbohydrates are simple sugars, like glucose and fructose. Called polymers. Or join together to form polymors, as glycogen/ starch.
-complex carbohydrates have chemical bonds between monomers. They can be broken down into simple carbohydrates
The breakdown of carbs is taken place in enzymes in mouth and intenstine
What are vitamin and minerals?
Vitamins: organic molecules, help produce minerals. Found in fruit
Minerals (inorganic) provide benefits (strong bones via calcium)
What is fibre and water needed for?
Fibre: type of carbohydrate we don’t absorb into body. Prevents constipation
Water: needed to refill body fluids
What are biological molecules?
They are in organisms, which are produced by cells.
EXP lipids proteins and carbohydrates
What are proteins?
Long chains of amino acid bonded together (polymer)
There made from hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen atoms.
Enzymes in stomach and small intestines break protein into amino acid
What are lipids?
-fats and oils: fat solid at room temperature, and oil liquid at room temperature.
Contains single glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid molecules
The length and structure of fatty acid molecules determine its fat/oil properties
Made from carbon hydrogen and oxygen(not polymers
Enzymes are responsible for breaking lipids down
What enzymes break down carbohydrates?
Amylase: breaks down starch into small sugars called maltose (made in small intestine)
What enzymes break down proteins?
Protease: breaks down amino acid(made in small intestine)
What enzymes break down fats?
Lipases: breaks fat down to glycerol and fatty acids( made in small intestine)
What is the digestive system?
1•
Breaks down physically by chewing with mouth. Salivary amylase in salivary glands breaks down carbohydrates.
2•
Food is then transported down the oesophagus, to the stomach where muscular walls contract, producing pepsin, that breaks down protien. As well as producing hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria
3•
Food is transported to small intestine, then absorbed into the bloodstream, producing enzymes to aid digestion(pushed by pancreas that contain lots of digestive enzymes called pancreatic juices) (gall bladder secrets bile in intestine to neutralize acid and emulsifying fats, has big surface area)
•3.5
Food pécora can be absorbed by blood stream due to its adapted exchange surface, which has villi to increase surface area. Increasing digested food into bloodstream. Whilst also having single layer of surface cells, contains very good blood supply.
4•
The watery leftovers are transported to large intestine. This absorbs excess water which leaves feeds stored in rectum till removed
What are the fist few steps to test for any substances in food tests?(benedicts??)
Break up food in pester and mortar. Put it in distilled water in a beaker. Then stir with glass rod until fully disolved. Filter solution with filter paper on a funnel into test tube.
How do you test for sugars?
Benedicta solution
What is Benedict solution?
Test for reducing sugars
Add 5cm sample solution into test tube. Pre hear a water bath to 75 degrees. Then put test tube in there. Add 10 drops of Benedict solution. Then wait 5 min.
If they present, then colour change to yellow, green or red
What is iodine test?
Take 5 cm solution and iodine solution. Changes solution colour to browny organge.
Once shaken, if turn to blue black, then starch present
What test do you test for starch?
Iodine test
What test do you test for protien
Biuret test
What test do you test for lipids
Sudan III test
What is biuret test?
Add 2 solution to test tube. And 2 cm biuret solution. Turning solution blue.
Then shake it, if protien present, colour change it to pink/purple
What is Sudan III test?
Add 5cm if unfiltered solution to test tube.
Then add 3 drops of Sudan III solution
Shake it, if red layer is at top. Then lipids is present
What cardiovascular disease can you get?
Coronary heart disease
Damaged valves
Heart failure
What is coronary heart disease?
Coronary arteries get blocked by large fatty materials. Making lumen narrower, so less oxygen is taken to heart
Wha treatments can be used for coronary heart disease?
Stents and statins
What are stents and there ADV and DSV?
Stents are a tube inside artery that widens lumen
ADV: quick surgery and long lasting
DSV: surgery risky, patients could’ve develop flood clots
What are statins and there ADV and DSV?
They change balance of cholesterol in blood stream
ADV: decrease bad lipids in blood, increase food lipids
DSV: have to be taken regularly, cause headaches or kidney failure
What happens when valves are damaged?
Valves are too stiff(stops blood flow) or become to wide (blood flows backwards
How do you treat damaged valves, and what Are the risks?
You replace them with new valve.
Is risky as it requires surgery, risking blood clots forming
What is heart faluire?
Heart can’t pump blood around body
How do you treat heart failure? What are adv and DSV of this?
Replace new heart
Adv: the artificial hearts can’t be destroyed, removes disease
DSV: may take long time to find biological heart, can’t use pig hearts. Even if successful it could be rejected
what is included within the structure of a leaf?(9)
-xylem
-Lower epidermis
-spongy mesophyll tissue
-palisade mesophyll
-upper epidermis
-waxy cuticle
-stomata
-guard cell
-phloem
what is the stomata?
little holes in the lower epidermis where water diffuses through.
{formed from the gap between the two guard cells}
how does the guard cell function?
when the cells in the leaf get turgid. The guard cell opens wider to allow more co2 to diffuse. although if play is losing water, then the guard cell becomes flaccid. to conserve it water vapour
-the guard cells will close at night, as they are sensitive to light.
why are guard cells at the lower epidermis?
it is cooler at the bottom, so there is less evaporation
what are meristem Tissue?
found at growing tips of roots, so plants can grow
how do all the plant structures work together within a leaf?
-first water is transported from the soil by the [root ]and [xylem].
-Then the water diffuses through the [stomata] within the [lower epidermiss[
-Afterwards it enters the [spongy mesophyll tissue]. that has lots of gaps so gas can easily diffuse through to the [palisade mesophyll]; where most photosynthesis occurs. so is full of chloroplast.
-this is supported by the [upper epidermis], which are transparent. allowing sunlight to be transported through to get chloroplast in palisade. producing sugar.
-finally is then transported through the [phloem] to the rest of the plant
what do leaf’s do to minimise water loss
- they leave stomata open for as short time as possible
-contain a waxy cuticle; which is a thin waterproof layer of lipids.
what is translocation?
the movement of cell sap up and down the plan
what is the phloem and how is it useful for translocation
cell sap is transported via the phloem cells, arranged in phloem tubes. which contain pores to enable the movement of cell sap up or down the plant
what is transpiration?
the evaporation of water from leaves
what is the xylem and how is it useful for transpiration
the xylem is made up of xylem cells. these tubes have no ends and are strengthened by lignin’s. transports water in a leaf, which is driven by evaporation of leafs.
The water in the xylem is called the transpiration tream
what factors affect the rate of transpiration?
-air flow(high air, keeps concentration gradient high, more transpiration)
-humidity (refers to water vapor in air. decreased concentration gradient, less transpiration)
-temperature (if warmer then increases energy for stomata, more transpiration)
-light intensity ( more light, more photosynthesis, opens stomata)
