infection and response(B)(p1/2) Flashcards
what are the physical & chemical barriers for disease?
-skin (secretes oils that kills pathogen, antimicrobe)
-nose (jas lots of little hairs and mucus which traps pathogen)
-trachea (traps particles, and has cilia, that moves bacteria to back of throat to be swallowd)
-stomach (contain hydrochloric acid, had Ph 2,which kills bacteria)
what is the process of phagocytsis?
when an specific white blood cell, called phagocyte, tracks, BINDS AND THEN ENGULFS PATHOGEN, to destroy them.
what are antitoxins?
small molecules that binds and counteracts toxins, to prevent them from doing any damage
what are antibodies?
shall proteins, that attach to antigen. Sending signals to white blood cells to destroy them. which simulates preproduction of specific antigen for future illness
what are the 3 functions of the immune systems?
+phagocytosis
+antitoxins
+antibodies
explain the process of vaccinations
weekend pathogen injected into body, producing antibodies. this then protects us from disease, aswell as preventing outbreaks(prevents death)Hence creating herd immunity
[works on bacteria and viruses]
what are the cons of vaccinations?
they don’t always grant immunity.
You could get a bad reaction
cause mild symptoms like cold or flu
what medications help relieve symptoms?
aspirin, paracetamol, cough medicine
what medicine can treat disease?
antibiotics
why cant antibiotics work on viruses?
antibiotics are specificly made for bacteria, s it cant do anything. viruses would be too small to detect
Why do we not always need to develop new medicine?
Microorganisms and plants evolving for many years, so are able to kill pathogens. So we can directly take them for medicine or modify then a little
What are the 3 factors used for testing new medicine?
-efficacy: how well drug works
-toxicity: how harmful it is (side affect)
-dosage: concentration of drug given
Describe the 3 stages to drug testing
Stage1: test on human cells and tissues. This is cheap, and can test lots of substances. Although does not tell us affect on entire organism
Stage 2: animal testing. Provides understanding of efficacy and toxicity
Stage3: clinical testing. Give volunteers low dosage then slowly increase it to find maximum dosage before it causes side affects. Then apply to suffer, slowly increase till optimum dosage reached
What is a placebo, and why do we use it?
The prices where the doctor gives select few patient a real and fake drug. Bath the doctor and patient will be “double blind’ and not known if they get drug
