Homoestaties And Response(B)(p1/2) Flashcards
What is Homeostasis
Regulation of conditions inside the body to maintain a stable internal environment, in response to both internal and external conditions
What is the automatic control system and what are the three systems?
- a system which sends a singal when the body changes from optimal conditions to reverse the change
Systems:
Receptors
Coordination centres(change in brain)
Effectors( muscle contractions)
What is the nervous system?
Electrical impulses through the nerves, that are very fast and precise that respond quickly!
What is the endocrine system?
When Hormones released into blood stream that enter the entire body. That are slower longer lasting and more generalized
What is Negative feedback?
Decreases higher temperature to normal and increases low temerature. To normal
What are neurones ? (Nerve cells)
Long, thin, and have branched connection at the end to pass messages to nerve cells
What is the synapse and how does it function ?
This connects the nerve cell together. (At end of neurones)
So when it is hit by electrical impulses. Particles are realised, that diffuse across the gap to the next nerve cell.
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Which triggers another electrical impulses to be transported through the neurons, to the end(synapse)
What is the central nervous system made up of?
Brain and spinal cord
How does the central nervous system function?
Received information from
The receptors. Which is then received by the central nervous system by sensory neurons.
When collected is sent to rest of body via motor neutrons to the effectors
What is the reflex arc?
A rapid and automatic process where:
Receptor cells detect stimuli to body, which stimulates sensory cells that carry impulses to the centerAl nervous system (spinal cord)
that then goes to rely neurone. Impulses then passes motor neuron back to the body to the effectors
What is the pathway of the reflex arc?
Stimulus-receptors-sensory neurone-relay neurone- motor neurone- effectors- response
How does endocrinas system work?
1-secretes small chemical called hormones into bloodstream, throughout the body. That then bind to specific cells, that have receptors. Which triggers change in cell
What is the pituitary Gland?
-it produces hormones that tell body what to do and for other glands to release their own hormones
(The gland is attached to the brain, NOT IN BRAIN!)
What is the thyroid gland?
It produces hormones (thyroxine) that helps regulate rate of metabolism, growth and development of cell.
What happens when there is low levels of thyroxine?
The pituitary gland detects this and produces thyroid stimulating hormone. That produces more thyroxine
What is the purpose of the adrenal gland?
Release adrenaline( increase heart rate and pump blood faster)
What is the role do the pancrease?
-to produce hormone(insulin) to regulate blood glucose concentration
Where is testosterone produced?
In the testes. Which controls puberty and produces sperm
Where is oestrogen produced?
I’m the ovaries, which controls puberty/menstrual cycle, producing egg cells
What are the blood glucose levels?
The amount of auger in our blood (so cells can respire)
How is blood glucose levels controlled?
In a negative feedback loop between Glucagon and insulin
What happens when blood glucose levels get too high?
-the pancreas will detect this, producing insulin. Which binds to receptors on certain cells. So they can absorb glucose from the blood stream. And store them as glycogen
What is glycogen?
(Long term storage for glucose)
Where does the regulation of glucose occur in the body?
In the liver and muscles (from hormones secreted by pancreases)
What happen when blood glucose levels are too low?
The pancreases secretes glucagon into bloodstream. That traveled around the body, binding to[mainly] liver cells and breaking down the glycogen into glucose
What is type 1 diabetes?
• where pancrease stops producing insulin
• occurs in teenage years and last lifelong
• makes patients feel ill
How do you treat type 1 diabetes?(3)
Injecting insulin into abdomen or thigh after a meal
Monitoring diet (eating less carbohydrates and sugary foods)
Doing regular exercise, so glucose can be absorbed from blood. So less insulin needs to be ejected
What is type 2 diabetes?
-when cells become resistant to insulin. Meaning cells won’t take glucose from the blood stream ( so injections won’t help)
- happens to older people over a period of time
How do you treat type 2 diabetes?
By having healthy diet and doing regular exercise
What is puberty?
A period where adolescents starts to develop secondary sexual characteristics
-(such as facial hair for men and breast for women)
What is puberty stimulated by?
Production of oestrogen and tesostrone
How is the uterus connected by the ovaries?
Via the fallopian tube
What are the 4 stages of the mean trial cycle?
Stage 1: occurs in 4 days. Is the breaks down and bleeding of the uterus lining
Stage 2: occurs in 10 days, building up uterus lining to prepare uterus for fertilized eg
Stage 3: 14 day, ovulation from the ovaries
Stage 4: occurs in 14 days, where uterus lining is maintained
(If no egg is fertilized then cycle is repeated)
What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?
-oestrogen
-progesterone
-luteinizing hormone
-follicle stimulating hormone
What is the role of oestrogen?
-is produced in ovaries m, and stimulates uterus lining to grow
(increases in stage 2?
What is progesterone?
Is produced in stage 4 and maintains uterus lining
What is luteinizing hormone?
Is produced in pituitary gland and stimulates release of egg
What is the follicle stimulating hormone?
Produced in pituitary gland, and stimulates egg in one of ovaries to mature
How do the men’s trail hormones work together?
The follicle stimulating hormone stimulates production of oestrogen ovaries.
Then when oestrogen is at high levels. The luetinising hormone is produced, to release egg.
Then progesterone inhibits follicle stimulating hormone and luetinising hormone
what are infertility treatments?
pill: with follicle stimulating hormone to help egg mature
In vitro fertilisation:
what are 5 stages to in vitro fertilisation? (IVF)
-give patient follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone
-egg is collected by ovaries and fertilised by sperm from father(done in labotorarys)
-placed in incubator to form embryos
-embryo placed into mother uterus
what do they use during in vitro fertilisation if male not have enough sperm?
intra cytoplasmic sperm injection, injected into egg
pro and con of in vitro fertilisation?
pro: allow kids
Con: small success, physical pain and unethical
what is the main method of contraception and why?
oral contraceptive pill: contains oestrogen which inhibits follicle stimulating hormone, and progesterone that produces thick mucus to prevent sperm into egg
other methods for contraception?
contraceptive pill, contraceptive implant, contraceptive injection
what are non hormonal methods for contraception?
condom,, protect sexualy transmitted disease
-diaphragm, fit in cervix, to block sperm entering uterus, can use spermicide
-sterilisation
