organs and structures (12, 13, 14) Flashcards
eye
organ of vision
sclera
outer protective layer of the eye
cornea
transparent anterior part of the sclera
choroid
middle layer of the eye
iris
pigmented muscular structure that regulates the amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil
pupil
opening in the center of the iris
lens
lies directly behind the pupil function is to focus and bend light
retina
innermost layer of the eye, contains vision receptors
aqueous humor
watery liquid found in the anterior cavity of the eye
vitreous humor
jellylike substance found behind he lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape
meibomian glands
oil glands found in the upper and lower edges of the eyelids that help lubricate the eye
lacrimal apparatus
network of glands, ducts, canals, and sacs that produce and drain tears
optic nerve
carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain
conjunctiva
mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior portion of the sclera
ear
organ of hearing and balance
external ear
consists of the auricle and external auditory canal (meatus)
auricle
external, visible part of the ear located on both sides of the head; directs sound waves into the external auditory canal
external auditory canal
short tube that ends at the tympanic membrane
middle ear
consists of the tympanic membrane and the tympanic cavity containing the ossicles
tympanic membrane
semitransparent membrane that separates the external auditory canal and the middle ear cavity
aka eardrum
ossicles
bones of the middle ear that carry sound vibrations
eustachian tube
passage between the middle ear and the pharynx; equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
inner ear
consists of the labyrinth and connectors of the vestibular and the cochlear nerves
labyrinth
bony spaces within the temporal bone of the skull made up of three distinct parts, the cochlea, the semicircular canals, and the vestibule
cochlea
coiled portion of the inner ear containing the sensory organ of hearing
semicircular canals and vestibule
sensory organs of balance
mastoid bone
portion of the temporal bone of the skull posterior and inferior to each auditory canal; contains mastoid air cells that drain into the middle ear cavity behind the external auditory canal
periosteum
outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue
compact bone
dense, hard layers of bone tissue that li underneath the periosteum
cancellous bone
contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone
aka spongy bone
endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
diaphysis
shaft of the long bones
epiphysis
end of each long bone
bone marrow
material found in the cavities of bones
red marrow
thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation
yellow marrow
soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
maxilla
upper jawbone
mandible
lower jawbone
vertebral column
made up of bones called vertebrae or vertebra through which the spinal cord runs
cervical vertebrae (C1 - C7)
first set of seven bones, forming the neck
thoracic vertebrae (T1 - T12)
second set of 12 vertebrae –> articulate with 12 pairs of ribs to form outward curve of the spine
lumbar vertebrae (L1 - L5)
third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine
sacrum
next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones
coccyx
four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
lamina
part of the vertebral arch
clavicle
collarbone
scapula
shoulder blade
acromion process
extension of the scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder
sternum
breastbone
xiphoid process
lower portion of the sternum
humerus
upper arm bone
ulna and radius
lower arm bones
olecranon process
projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow
carpal bones
wrist bones
metacarpal bones
hand bones
phalanx
finger and toe bones
pelvis
made up of three bones fused together
ischium
lower, posterior portion of the pelvis on which one sits
ilium
upper, wing-shaped part on each side of the pelvis
pubis
anterior portion of the pelvis
acetabulum
large socket in the pelvis for the head of the femur
femur
upper leg bone
tibia and fibula
lower leg bones
patella
kneecap
tarsal bones
ankle bones
calcaneus
heel bone
metatarsal bones
foot bones
joint
junction of two or more bones, which often allows for movement of these bones
cartilage
firm connective tissue primarily found in joints
meniscus
crescent-shaped cartilage found in some joints, including the knee
intervertebral disk
cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the midline
synovia
fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities, bursae, and around tendons
bursa
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
ligament
flexible, touch band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint
tendon
band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
aponeurosis
strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone
skeletal muscles
attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible
smooth muscles
located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract
cardiac muscle
forms most of the wall of the heart; involuntary contraction produces heartbeat
