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Medical Terminology > not built from word parts (15, 16) > Flashcards

not built from word parts (15, 16) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD)

A

type of dementia that occurs more frequently after the age of 65, but can begin at any age

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2
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord

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3
Q

Bell palsy

A

paralysis of muscles on one side of the face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve –> sagging mouth on affected side and nonclosure of the eyelid; paralysis usually temporary

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4
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

aneurysm in the cerebrum

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5
Q

cerebral embolism

A

an embolus lodges in a cerebral artery, causing sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue

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6
Q

cerebral palsy (CP)

A

condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis, caused by a brain defect of lesion present at birth or shortly after

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7
Q

dementia

A

cognitive impairment characterized by loss of intellectual brain function

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8
Q

epilepsy

A

condition characterized by recurrent seizures

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9
Q

hydrocephalus

A

congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in dilated cerebral ventricles and impaired brain funciton

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10
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

A

bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain

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11
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

chronic degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain the spinal cord

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12
Q

Parkinson disease (PD)

A

chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system –> resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, dementia

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13
Q

sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes

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14
Q

shingles

A

viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves

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15
Q

stroke

A

interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients

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16
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

A

bleeding between the pia mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges, caused by a ruptured blood vessel

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17
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time

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18
Q

computed tomgraphy (CT)

A

computerized radiographic process producing a series of sectional images of tissue

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19
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

high strength, computer-controlled magnetic fields producing a series of sectional images that visualize abnormalities such as swelling, infections, tumors, and herniated disks

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20
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

nuclear medicine procedure combining CT and radioactive chemicals to produce sectional images of the brain or other organs to examine blood flow and metabolic activity

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21
Q

evoked potential studies (EP studies)

A

group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli

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22
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae

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23
Q

afferent

A

conveying toward a center

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24
Q

ataxia

A

lack of muscle coordination

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25
Q

cognitive

A

pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgement, memory, and reason

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26
Q

coma

A

state of profound uncosciousness

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27
Q

concussion

A

injury to the brain caused by minor or major head trauma

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28
Q

conscious

A

awake, alert, aware of one’s surroundings

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29
Q

convulsion

A

sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles

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30
Q

disorientation

A

state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity

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31
Q

dysarthria

A

inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system

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32
Q

efferent

A

conveying away from the center

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33
Q

gait

A

manner or style of walking

34
Q

incoherent

A

unable to express one’s thoughts or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner

35
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of spinal cord

36
Q

seizure

A

sudden, abnormal surge of electrical activity in the brain, resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors

37
Q

shunt

A

tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid

38
Q

syncope

A

fainting or sudden loss of sonsciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum

39
Q

unconsciousness

A

state of being unaware of surroundings and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness, or drugs

40
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by a disturbed perception of body image resulting in failure to maintain body weight, intensive fear of gaining weight, pronounced desire for thinness, etc.

41
Q

anxiety disorder

A

disorder chracterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising typically from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger

42
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

disorder of learning and behavioral problems characterized by marked inattention, distractibility, impulsiveness, and hyperactvity

43
Q

autism

A

specrum of mental disorders, the features of which include onset during infancy or childhood, preoccupation with subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, and impaired communication

44
Q

bipolar disorder

A

major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood

45
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by uncontrolled binge eating

46
Q

major depression

A

mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, discouragement, hopelessness, etc

47
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts that result in the tendency to perform repetitive acts or rituals

48
Q

panic attack

A

episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictably, with feelings of acute apprehension, dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, etc.

49
Q

phobia

A

marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific situation or object

50
Q

pica

A

compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice

51
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

significant behavioral health disorder in which some people exposed to a traumatic event go on to develop a series of symptoms related to it

52
Q

schizoprenia

A

any one of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, disturbance of language and communication, disorganization and fragmentation of thought, perception, and emotional reaction

53
Q

somatoform disorders

A

disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

54
Q

Addison disease

A

chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex

55
Q

congenital hypothroidism

A

condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy of the thyroid gland, resulting in hypothyroidism

56
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

group of signs and symptoms attributed to the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortices –> signs include buffalo hum, moon face

57
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

58
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by under-activity of the insulin-producing islets of Langerhans and characterized by elevated blood sugar

59
Q

gigantism

A

condition brought about by hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty

60
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

61
Q

Graves disease

A

autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the production of more thyroid hormone than the body needs

62
Q

ketoacidosis

A

serious condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in which acid ketones accumulate from fat metabolism in the absence of adequate insulin

63
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

group of signs and symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity characterized by excessive fat around the area of the waist and abdomen, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of the “good” cholesterol HDL

64
Q

myxedema

A

condition resulting from an extreme deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine; a severe form of hyperthyroidism in an adult

65
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

tumor of the adrenal medulla, which is usually non-malignant and characterized by hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, and abdominal pain

66
Q

tetany

A

condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone

67
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones

68
Q

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)

A

nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function, particularly when distinguishing different causes of hyperthyroidism –> radioactive iodine is given to the patient orally, after which the amount of its uptake into the thyroid gland is measured

69
Q

sestamibi parathyroid scan

A

nuclear medicine procedure used to localize hyperactive parathyroid glands

70
Q

thyroid sonography

A

ultrasound test of the thyroid gland used to help determine whether a thyroid nodule is likely benign or possibly malignant, including whether it is cystic or solid

71
Q

fasting blood sugar (FBS)

A

blood test to determine the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for 8-10 hours

72
Q

fine needle aspiration (FNA)

A

biopsy technique that uses a narrow hollow needle to obtain tiny amounts of tissue for pathologic examination

73
Q

glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)

A

blood test used to diagnose diabetes and monitor its treatment by measureing the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin in the blood

74
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone level (TSH)

A

blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnose hypothyroidism and to monitor patients on thyroid replacement therapy

75
Q

thyroxine level (T4)

A

blood test that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient’s blood

76
Q

exophthalmos

A

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

77
Q

hormone

A

chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue

78
Q

incretins

A

a group of hormones produced by the gastrointestinal system that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas and help preserve the beta cells

79
Q

isthmus

A

narrow strip of tissue connecting two larger parts in the body, such as the isthmus that connects the two loves of the thyroid gland

80
Q

metabolism

A

sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism

Medical Terminology (27 decks)

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