not built from word parts (15, 16) Flashcards
Alzheimer disease (AD)
type of dementia that occurs more frequently after the age of 65, but can begin at any age
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord
Bell palsy
paralysis of muscles on one side of the face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve –> sagging mouth on affected side and nonclosure of the eyelid; paralysis usually temporary
cerebral aneurysm
aneurysm in the cerebrum
cerebral embolism
an embolus lodges in a cerebral artery, causing sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue
cerebral palsy (CP)
condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis, caused by a brain defect of lesion present at birth or shortly after
dementia
cognitive impairment characterized by loss of intellectual brain function
epilepsy
condition characterized by recurrent seizures
hydrocephalus
congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in dilated cerebral ventricles and impaired brain funciton
intracerebral hemorrhage
bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain
multiple sclerosis (MS)
chronic degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain the spinal cord
Parkinson disease (PD)
chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system –> resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, dementia
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes
shingles
viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves
stroke
interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients
subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
bleeding between the pia mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges, caused by a ruptured blood vessel
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time
computed tomgraphy (CT)
computerized radiographic process producing a series of sectional images of tissue
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
high strength, computer-controlled magnetic fields producing a series of sectional images that visualize abnormalities such as swelling, infections, tumors, and herniated disks
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
nuclear medicine procedure combining CT and radioactive chemicals to produce sectional images of the brain or other organs to examine blood flow and metabolic activity
evoked potential studies (EP studies)
group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli
lumbar puncture (LP)
diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae
afferent
conveying toward a center
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination
cognitive
pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgement, memory, and reason
coma
state of profound uncosciousness
concussion
injury to the brain caused by minor or major head trauma
conscious
awake, alert, aware of one’s surroundings
convulsion
sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles
disorientation
state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity
dysarthria
inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system
efferent
conveying away from the center
gait
manner or style of walking
incoherent
unable to express one’s thoughts or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner
paraplegia
paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of spinal cord
seizure
sudden, abnormal surge of electrical activity in the brain, resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors
shunt
tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid
syncope
fainting or sudden loss of sonsciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
unconsciousness
state of being unaware of surroundings and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness, or drugs
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by a disturbed perception of body image resulting in failure to maintain body weight, intensive fear of gaining weight, pronounced desire for thinness, etc.
anxiety disorder
disorder chracterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising typically from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
disorder of learning and behavioral problems characterized by marked inattention, distractibility, impulsiveness, and hyperactvity
autism
specrum of mental disorders, the features of which include onset during infancy or childhood, preoccupation with subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, and impaired communication
bipolar disorder
major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by uncontrolled binge eating
major depression
mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, discouragement, hopelessness, etc
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts that result in the tendency to perform repetitive acts or rituals
panic attack
episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictably, with feelings of acute apprehension, dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, etc.
phobia
marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific situation or object
pica
compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
significant behavioral health disorder in which some people exposed to a traumatic event go on to develop a series of symptoms related to it
schizoprenia
any one of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, disturbance of language and communication, disorganization and fragmentation of thought, perception, and emotional reaction
somatoform disorders
disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists
Addison disease
chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex
congenital hypothroidism
condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy of the thyroid gland, resulting in hypothyroidism
Cushing syndrome
group of signs and symptoms attributed to the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortices –> signs include buffalo hum, moon face
diabetes insipidus (DI)
result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
diabetes mellitus (DM)
chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by under-activity of the insulin-producing islets of Langerhans and characterized by elevated blood sugar
gigantism
condition brought about by hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
Graves disease
autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the production of more thyroid hormone than the body needs
ketoacidosis
serious condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in which acid ketones accumulate from fat metabolism in the absence of adequate insulin
metabolic syndrome
group of signs and symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity characterized by excessive fat around the area of the waist and abdomen, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of the “good” cholesterol HDL
myxedema
condition resulting from an extreme deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine; a severe form of hyperthyroidism in an adult
pheochromocytoma
tumor of the adrenal medulla, which is usually non-malignant and characterized by hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, and abdominal pain
tetany
condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone
thyrotoxicosis
condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function, particularly when distinguishing different causes of hyperthyroidism –> radioactive iodine is given to the patient orally, after which the amount of its uptake into the thyroid gland is measured
sestamibi parathyroid scan
nuclear medicine procedure used to localize hyperactive parathyroid glands
thyroid sonography
ultrasound test of the thyroid gland used to help determine whether a thyroid nodule is likely benign or possibly malignant, including whether it is cystic or solid
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
blood test to determine the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for 8-10 hours
fine needle aspiration (FNA)
biopsy technique that uses a narrow hollow needle to obtain tiny amounts of tissue for pathologic examination
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)
blood test used to diagnose diabetes and monitor its treatment by measureing the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin in the blood
thyroid-stimulating hormone level (TSH)
blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnose hypothyroidism and to monitor patients on thyroid replacement therapy
thyroxine level (T4)
blood test that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient’s blood
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
hormone
chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue
incretins
a group of hormones produced by the gastrointestinal system that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas and help preserve the beta cells
isthmus
narrow strip of tissue connecting two larger parts in the body, such as the isthmus that connects the two loves of the thyroid gland
metabolism
sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism
