NOT built from word parts (10, 11) Flashcards
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
aneurysm
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
angina pectoris
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
arrhythmia
any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern
atrial fibrillation (AFib)
cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria
cardiac arrest
sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
cardiac tamponade
acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
coarctation of the aorta
congenital stenosis (narrowing) which occurs in the arch of the aorta
congenital heart disease
heart abnormality present at birth
coronary artery disease (CAD)
condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function normally; most often caused by coronary atherosclerosis
cor pulmonale
enlargement of the heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
condition of thrombus (clot) in a deep vein of the body, most often occurs in lower extremities
heart failure (HF)
condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen (aka congestive heart failure)
hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure; may be associated with hypertrophy or dilation of the chambers of the heart
intermittent claudication
condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun, increases until walking is no longer possible, and then completely resolves when the patient is at rest –> caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease
mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever
myocardial infarction (MI)
death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lac of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (aka heart attack)
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery
rheumatic heart disease
damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever
varicose veins
distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities
anemia
condition on which there is a reduction in the number of erythrocytes (RBCs), may be caused by blood loss, decreased productin of RBCs, or increased destruction of RBCs
embolus (pl. emboli)
blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation
hemophilia
inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
leukemia
malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes (WBCs) formed in the bone marrow
sepsis
systematic inflammatory response caused by pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, entering the bloodstream and multiplying, life-threatening condition, which may lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death
Hodgkin disease
malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning in the cervical nodes
infectious mononucleosis
acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever
aneurysmectomy
surgical excision of an aneurysm
artificial cardiac pacemaker
battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm
automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)
device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm
catheter ablation
procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
coronary stent
supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque
embolectomy
surgical removal of an embolus or clot, usually with a balloon catheter
femoropoliteal bypass
surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed (aka balloon angioplasty)
thrombolytic therapy
injection of a medication either intravenously or intra-arterially to dissolve blood clots
bone marrow aspiration
procedure to obtain a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow
bone marrow biopsy
procedure to obtain a sample of the solid portion of bone marrow
bone marrow transplant
infusion of healthy bone marrow cells from a matched donor into a patient with severely diseased or damaged bone marrow
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that “subtracts” or removes structures not being studied
Doppler ultrasound
study that uses high-frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels
sestamibi test
nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
nuclear medicine scan that visualizes the heart from several different angles, producing 3D images; used to assess damage to cardiac tissue
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus
cardiac catheterization
diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels
exercise stress test
study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill –> electrocardiography, echocardiography, nuclear medicine scanning used to measure cardiac function as well
blood pressure (BP)
pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls –> systolic (120) over diastolic pressure (80)
pulse
contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip
sphygmomanometer
device used for measuring blood pressure
C-reactive protein (CRP)
blood test to measure the amount of C-reactive protein in blood, which when elevated, indicated inflammation in the body
creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis
lipid profile
blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in a sample of blood
troponin
blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme
activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
blood test used to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking heparin, an intravenous anticoagulant medication
coagulation time
blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot
complete blood count (CBC) and differential (Diff)
laboratory test for basic blood screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leuocytes, and thrombocytes –> this automated test quickly provides a tremendous amount of info about the blood
hematocrit (Hct)
percentage of a blood sample that is composed of erythrocytes; used in the diagnosis and evaluation of anemic patients
hemoglobin (Hgb)
blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin in blood
prothrombin time (PT)
blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking warfarin, an oral anticoagulant meds
bruit
abnormal vascular sound hard through ausculation, caused by turbulent blood flow through arteries or veins
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions ; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation
defibrillation
application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
diastole
phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax and fill with blood between contractions (the lower number of a blood pressure reading)
extracorporeal
occurring outside the body
extravasation
escape of blood or other fluid from a vessel into the tissue
fibrillation
rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles
hypercholesterolemia
excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hyperlipidemia
excessive amount of any type of fats in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hypertension (HTN)
blood pressure that is above normal
hypertriglyceridemia
excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
hypotension
blood pressure that is below normal
lipids
fats and fatlike substances that serve as a source of fuel in the body and are in important constituent of cell structure
lumen
the cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ
murmur
abnormal cardiac sound heard through auscultation; caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart
occlude
to close tightly, to block
phlebotomist
person who performs phlebotomy for the purpose of drawing blood or injecting IV fluids
systole
phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricle contract and eject blood
vasoconstrictor
agent or nerve that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels
vasodilator
agent or nerve that expands the diameter of the blood vessels
venipuncture
procedure used to puncture a vein with a needle to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion
anticoagulant
agent that slows the blood clotting process
blood dyscrasia
abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood
hemorrhage
rapid loss of blood, as in bleeding
allergen
environmental substance capable of producing a hypersensitivity reaction in the body
allergist
physician who studies and treats allergic conditions
allergy
hypersensitivity to a substance, resulting in an inflammatory immune response
anaphylaxis
exaggerated reaction to a previously encountered antigen such as bee venom, peanuts, or latex
antibody
substance produced by lymphocytes that inactivates or destroys antigens
antigen
substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into the body
autoimmune disease
disease caused by the body’s inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies, thus producing antibodies that attack its own tissue
immune
being resistant to specific invading pathogens
immunodeficiency
deficient immune response caused by immune system dysfunction brought on by disease or immunosuppressive drugs
immunologist
physician who studies and treats immune system disorders
immunology
branch of medicine dealing with immune system disorders
phagocytosis
process in which some of the white blood cells destroy the invading microorganism and old cells
vaccine
suspension of weakened or killed microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray, which induces immunity to prevent an infectious disease
adhesion
abnormal growing together or two peritoneal surfaces that normally are separated
celiac disease
malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten, which may damage the lining of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream
cirrhosis
chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis
Crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations ad formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus
hemochromatosis
iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue
hemorrhoids
swollen or distended veins in the rectum or anus, which are called internal or external, respectively, and can be a source of rectal bleeding and pain
ileus
non-mechanical obstruction of the intestine, caused by a lack of effective peristalsis
intussusception
telescoping of a segment of the intestine
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain
obesity
excess of body fat, which increases body weight
peptic ulcer
erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection, or medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
polyp
tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign; common sites are in the nose, throat, and intestines
ucerative colitis (UC)
disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers, which can cause bloody diarrhea
volvulus
twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction
abdominoperineal resection (APR)
removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter through both abdominal and perineal approaches; performed to treat some colorectal cancers and inflammatory diseases of the lower large intestine
anastomosis
connection created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments
bariatric surgery
surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity
hemorrhoidectormy
excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the lower rectum and anus
vagotomy
cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers
abdominal sonography
ultrasound scan of the abdominal cavity in which the size and structure of organs such as the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, ad pancreas can be visualized
barium enema (BE)
series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
procedure in which contrast media is introduced into the biliary and pancreatic ducts
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal and stomach linings, as well as the walls of the small and large intestines; used to detect tumors
upper GI series
series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been administered orally
fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
test to detect occult blood in feces
Helicobacter pylori antibodies test
blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria –> bacteria are found in lining of stomach and can cause peptic ulcers
ascites
abnormal collection of fluid in the perioneal cavity
diarrhea
frequent discharge of liquid stool
dystentery
disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea that is often bloody
emesis
expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (aka vomiting)
feces
waste from the gastrointestinal tract expelled through the rectum
flatus
gas in the gastrointestinal tract or expelled through the anus
gastric lavage
washing out of the stomach
gavage
process of feeding a person through a tube
hematemesis
vomiting of blood
hematocheia
passage of visibly bloody feces
malabsorption
impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients
melena
black, tarry stool that contains digested blood; usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract
palpate
to examine by hand; to feel
peristalsis
involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract
reflux
abnormal backward flow
stoma
surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body
