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Medical Terminology > NOT built from word parts (10, 11) > Flashcards

NOT built from word parts (10, 11) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction

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2
Q

aneurysm

A

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

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3
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

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4
Q

arrhythmia

A

any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern

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5
Q

atrial fibrillation (AFib)

A

cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria

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6
Q

cardiac arrest

A

sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

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7
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

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8
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

congenital stenosis (narrowing) which occurs in the arch of the aorta

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9
Q

congenital heart disease

A

heart abnormality present at birth

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10
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function normally; most often caused by coronary atherosclerosis

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11
Q

cor pulmonale

A

enlargement of the heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease

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12
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

condition of thrombus (clot) in a deep vein of the body, most often occurs in lower extremities

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13
Q

heart failure (HF)

A

condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen (aka congestive heart failure)

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14
Q

hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

A

disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure; may be associated with hypertrophy or dilation of the chambers of the heart

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15
Q

intermittent claudication

A

condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun, increases until walking is no longer possible, and then completely resolves when the patient is at rest –> caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease

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16
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever

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17
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lac of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (aka heart attack)

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18
Q

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery

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19
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever

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20
Q

varicose veins

A

distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities

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21
Q

anemia

A

condition on which there is a reduction in the number of erythrocytes (RBCs), may be caused by blood loss, decreased productin of RBCs, or increased destruction of RBCs

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22
Q

embolus (pl. emboli)

A

blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation

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23
Q

hemophilia

A

inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII

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24
Q

leukemia

A

malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes (WBCs) formed in the bone marrow

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25
Q

sepsis

A

systematic inflammatory response caused by pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, entering the bloodstream and multiplying, life-threatening condition, which may lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death

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26
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning in the cervical nodes

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27
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever

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28
Q

aneurysmectomy

A

surgical excision of an aneurysm

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29
Q

artificial cardiac pacemaker

A

battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm

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30
Q

automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)

A

device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm

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31
Q

catheter ablation

A

procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells

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32
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries

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33
Q

coronary stent

A

supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque

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34
Q

embolectomy

A

surgical removal of an embolus or clot, usually with a balloon catheter

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35
Q

femoropoliteal bypass

A

surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction

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36
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed (aka balloon angioplasty)

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37
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

injection of a medication either intravenously or intra-arterially to dissolve blood clots

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38
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

procedure to obtain a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow

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39
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

procedure to obtain a sample of the solid portion of bone marrow

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40
Q

bone marrow transplant

A

infusion of healthy bone marrow cells from a matched donor into a patient with severely diseased or damaged bone marrow

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41
Q

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that “subtracts” or removes structures not being studied

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42
Q

Doppler ultrasound

A

study that uses high-frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels

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43
Q

sestamibi test

A

nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery

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44
Q

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

nuclear medicine scan that visualizes the heart from several different angles, producing 3D images; used to assess damage to cardiac tissue

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45
Q

transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

A

ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus

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46
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels

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47
Q

exercise stress test

A

study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill –> electrocardiography, echocardiography, nuclear medicine scanning used to measure cardiac function as well

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48
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls –> systolic (120) over diastolic pressure (80)

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49
Q

pulse

A

contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip

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50
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

device used for measuring blood pressure

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51
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP)

A

blood test to measure the amount of C-reactive protein in blood, which when elevated, indicated inflammation in the body

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52
Q

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

A

blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis

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53
Q

lipid profile

A

blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in a sample of blood

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54
Q

troponin

A

blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme

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55
Q

activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

A

blood test used to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking heparin, an intravenous anticoagulant medication

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56
Q

coagulation time

A

blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot

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57
Q

complete blood count (CBC) and differential (Diff)

A

laboratory test for basic blood screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leuocytes, and thrombocytes –> this automated test quickly provides a tremendous amount of info about the blood

58
Q

hematocrit (Hct)

A

percentage of a blood sample that is composed of erythrocytes; used in the diagnosis and evaluation of anemic patients

59
Q

hemoglobin (Hgb)

A

blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin in blood

60
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking warfarin, an oral anticoagulant meds

61
Q

bruit

A

abnormal vascular sound hard through ausculation, caused by turbulent blood flow through arteries or veins

62
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions ; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation

63
Q

defibrillation

A

application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm

64
Q

diastole

A

phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax and fill with blood between contractions (the lower number of a blood pressure reading)

65
Q

extracorporeal

A

occurring outside the body

66
Q

extravasation

A

escape of blood or other fluid from a vessel into the tissue

67
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles

68
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

69
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

excessive amount of any type of fats in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

70
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

blood pressure that is above normal

71
Q

hypertriglyceridemia

A

excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

72
Q

hypotension

A

blood pressure that is below normal

73
Q

lipids

A

fats and fatlike substances that serve as a source of fuel in the body and are in important constituent of cell structure

74
Q

lumen

A

the cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ

75
Q

murmur

A

abnormal cardiac sound heard through auscultation; caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart

76
Q

occlude

A

to close tightly, to block

77
Q

phlebotomist

A

person who performs phlebotomy for the purpose of drawing blood or injecting IV fluids

78
Q

systole

A

phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricle contract and eject blood

79
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

agent or nerve that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels

80
Q

vasodilator

A

agent or nerve that expands the diameter of the blood vessels

81
Q

venipuncture

A

procedure used to puncture a vein with a needle to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion

82
Q

anticoagulant

A

agent that slows the blood clotting process

83
Q

blood dyscrasia

A

abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood

84
Q

hemorrhage

A

rapid loss of blood, as in bleeding

85
Q

allergen

A

environmental substance capable of producing a hypersensitivity reaction in the body

86
Q

allergist

A

physician who studies and treats allergic conditions

87
Q

allergy

A

hypersensitivity to a substance, resulting in an inflammatory immune response

88
Q

anaphylaxis

A

exaggerated reaction to a previously encountered antigen such as bee venom, peanuts, or latex

89
Q

antibody

A

substance produced by lymphocytes that inactivates or destroys antigens

90
Q

antigen

A

substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into the body

91
Q

autoimmune disease

A

disease caused by the body’s inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies, thus producing antibodies that attack its own tissue

92
Q

immune

A

being resistant to specific invading pathogens

93
Q

immunodeficiency

A

deficient immune response caused by immune system dysfunction brought on by disease or immunosuppressive drugs

94
Q

immunologist

A

physician who studies and treats immune system disorders

95
Q

immunology

A

branch of medicine dealing with immune system disorders

96
Q

phagocytosis

A

process in which some of the white blood cells destroy the invading microorganism and old cells

97
Q

vaccine

A

suspension of weakened or killed microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray, which induces immunity to prevent an infectious disease

98
Q

adhesion

A

abnormal growing together or two peritoneal surfaces that normally are separated

99
Q

celiac disease

A

malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten, which may damage the lining of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream

100
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis

101
Q

Crohn disease

A

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations ad formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction

102
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus

103
Q

hemochromatosis

A

iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue

104
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen or distended veins in the rectum or anus, which are called internal or external, respectively, and can be a source of rectal bleeding and pain

105
Q

ileus

A

non-mechanical obstruction of the intestine, caused by a lack of effective peristalsis

106
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping of a segment of the intestine

107
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain

108
Q

obesity

A

excess of body fat, which increases body weight

109
Q

peptic ulcer

A

erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection, or medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

110
Q

polyp

A

tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign; common sites are in the nose, throat, and intestines

111
Q

ucerative colitis (UC)

A

disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers, which can cause bloody diarrhea

112
Q

volvulus

A

twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction

113
Q

abdominoperineal resection (APR)

A

removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter through both abdominal and perineal approaches; performed to treat some colorectal cancers and inflammatory diseases of the lower large intestine

114
Q

anastomosis

A

connection created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments

115
Q

bariatric surgery

A

surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity

116
Q

hemorrhoidectormy

A

excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the lower rectum and anus

117
Q

vagotomy

A

cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers

118
Q

abdominal sonography

A

ultrasound scan of the abdominal cavity in which the size and structure of organs such as the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, ad pancreas can be visualized

119
Q

barium enema (BE)

A

series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally

120
Q

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

A

procedure in which contrast media is introduced into the biliary and pancreatic ducts

121
Q

endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

A

procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal and stomach linings, as well as the walls of the small and large intestines; used to detect tumors

122
Q

upper GI series

A

series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been administered orally

123
Q

fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

A

test to detect occult blood in feces

124
Q

Helicobacter pylori antibodies test

A

blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria –> bacteria are found in lining of stomach and can cause peptic ulcers

125
Q

ascites

A

abnormal collection of fluid in the perioneal cavity

126
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent discharge of liquid stool

127
Q

dystentery

A

disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea that is often bloody

128
Q

emesis

A

expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (aka vomiting)

129
Q

feces

A

waste from the gastrointestinal tract expelled through the rectum

130
Q

flatus

A

gas in the gastrointestinal tract or expelled through the anus

131
Q

gastric lavage

A

washing out of the stomach

132
Q

gavage

A

process of feeding a person through a tube

133
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

134
Q

hematocheia

A

passage of visibly bloody feces

135
Q

malabsorption

A

impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients

136
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stool that contains digested blood; usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract

137
Q

palpate

A

to examine by hand; to feel

138
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract

139
Q

reflux

A

abnormal backward flow

140
Q

stoma

A

surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body

Medical Terminology (27 decks)

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