Organization Of CNS II Flashcards
What are the important sulci?
- Lateral Sulcus (Sylvian Fissure)
- Central Sulcus
- Precentral Sulcus
- Postcentral Sulcus
- Superior Frontal Sulcus
- Inferior Frontal Sulcus
- Superior Temporal Sulcus
- Inferior Temporal Sulcus
- Intraparietal Sulcus
What are the types of Gyri?
- Precentral Gyrus • Postcentral Gyrus • Superior Temporal Gyrus • Middle Temporal Gyrus • Inferior Temporal Gyrus • Superior Parietal Lobule • Inferior Parietal Lobule
What are the important internal sulci?
-Callosal Sulcus
- Cingulate Sulcus:
- Paracentral ramus
- Marginal ramus
- Calcarine Sulcus
- Parietooccipital Sulcus (Fissure)
- Collateral Sulcus
What are the important internal Gyri?
- Cingulate Gyrus
- Cuneus
- Lingual Gyrus
- Isthmus of the Cingulate Gyrus
- Parahippocampal Gyrus
What is the corpus callosum composed of?
Corpus Callosum: composed of commissural fibers connecting both hemispheres
Where is the cingulate gyrus located?
Cingulate Gyrus: begins beneath the anterior end, continues above the corpus callosum until its posterior end
Where is the paracentral lobe located?
Paracentral lobe: cerebral cortex surrounding the indentation of the central sulcus on the superior border
Where is Precuneus located?
Precuneus: cerebral cortex bounded anteriorly by the upturned posterior end of the cingulate sulcus (marginal sulcus) and posteriorly by the parietooccipital sulcus (fissure)
Where is the Cuneus located?
Cuneus: triangular area of cerebral cortex bounded inferiorly by the calcarine sulcus, above by the parietooccipital sulcus, and posteriorly by the superior medial margin
What important sulci of the inferior brain?
- Olfactory Sulcus
- Orbital Sulci
- Collateral Sulcus
- Rhinal Sulcus
- Inferior temporal Sulcus
What are the important gyri of the inferior brain?
Rectus Gyrus • Orbital Gyrus • Parahippocampal Gyrus • Fusiform Gyrus • Inferior Temporal Gyrus
What are the structures of the medial hemisohere?
Corous callosum
Cingulate gyrus
Paracebtral lobe
Precuneus
Cuneus
What are the structures of the inferior surface of the hemisphere?
Collateral Sulcus
Rhinal Sulcus
Fusiform Gyrus (Formerly lateral occipitotemporal gyrus)
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Uncus
Where is the Collateral Sulcus?
starts below the calcarine sulcus and runs anteriorly between the fusiform gyrus laterally and the parahippocampal gyrus medially
Where is the Rhinal Sulcus?
anterior end of the collateral sulcus
Where is the Fusiform Gyrus?
located between the lingual gyrus and the
parahippocampal gyrus above, and the inferior temporal gyrus below
Where is the parahippocampal gyrus?
cerebral cortex that surrounds the hippocampus, an important structure related to memory
Where is the uncus located?
a hook-shaped structure, part of the parahippocampal gyrus, forms of the innermost part of the temporal lobe
What are the important anatomical landmarks of insular lobe?
Sulci:
• Circular Sulcus of the Insula
• Central Sulcus of the Insula
Gyri:
• Long Gyri of the Insula
• Short Gyri of the Insula
What are the functional characteristics of the frontal lobe ?
Motor functions Speech production Executive functions Planning Personality Emotions Social skills Morality
What are the functional characteristics of the parietal lobe?
Body sensations Proprioception Objects position Reading Calculation Sense of time & space
What are the functional characterization of the temporal lobe?
Hearing
Memory
Language understanding
Learning
What are the functional characteristics of the occipital lobe?
Visual perception and integration
What are the functional characteristics of the insula?
Integration of pain and temperature sensation with visceral sensation
What is the cerebral cortex made of?
Cerebral cortex
• 1/3 lies exposed in the convexity of the gyri, the other 2/3 form the walls of the sulci
- Histologically:
- 90% is composed of 6 laminae, called neocortex (= isocortex)
- 10% is composed of 3-4 laminae, called allocortex
• 3-4 mm thick, 40% of the brain mass
What is the major Function of the cerebral cortex/grey matter/cell bodies?
The major function is forming sensory areas, motor areas, and association areas which control and integrate the information in the Central Nervous System
What does the cerebral grey matter (neuronal cell bodies) consist of?
Subcortical nuclei
• Masses of grey matter deeply placed within the cerebrum
- Include:
- Basal Ganglia (caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen)
- Hippocampal Formation
- Amygdala
What is the location of basal ganglia?
Central core of white matter
What is the location of amygdala?
Temporal lobe, rostral to the hippocampus
What is the location of hippocampal formation?
Floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle
What is the function of basal ganglia?
Modulation of motor activity (extrapyramidal system)
What is the function of the amygdala?
Modulates somatic and visceral components of the peripheral nervous system in response to particular situations (Ex. Responses to danger)
What is the function of hippocampal formation?
Formation of long-term memories
What does cerebral white matter (neuronal axons)?
Long myelinated axons grouped into larger white matter tracts (fasciculi):
• Association tracts (connect cortical areas in the same hemisphere)
- Commissural fibers (connect the 2 hemispheres)
- Corpus callosum
- Anterior commissure
- Hippocampal commissure
• Projection fibers (connect cortical areas with the brainstem and spinal cord)
What are the cerebral white matter association tracts?
Interlobar: • Arcuate fasciculus • Cingulum • Uncinate fasciculus • Superior longitudinal fasciculus • Inferior longitudinal fasciculus • Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
Intralobar (recently described with diffusion tractography)
• Frontal aslant tract
• Fronto-orbital tract
• Vertical occipital tract
Whhat are the components of the epithalamus?
Pineal gland
Habenula nuclei
Habenular commissure
Stria medullaris
What are the parts of the thakamus?
Thalamic nucleus
What are the components of the hypothalamus?
Hypothalmic nuclei
What are the parts of the subthalamus?
Subthalmic nuclei
What are the parts of the diencephalon?
Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
3rd ventricle
Describe the structure and function of the thalamus
Upper portion of the lateral walls of the III Ventricle 3 x 1.5 cm in diameter
Ovoid complex of nuclei
Major functions:
• Rely station for all sensory information (except olfactory)
• Arousal and pain regulation
• Sleep/wakefulness cycle
Describe the structure-function of the hypothalamus
Lower portion of the lateral walls of the III Ventricle
4 cm3 of neural tissue
Contains the integrative system that controls via autonomic and endocrine systems control: • Fluid and electrolyte balance
• Foodintake
• Energybalance
• Reproduction
• Thermoregulation
What are the parts of the hypothalmic nuclei?
- Ventromedial
- Lateral
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Arcuate
- Medial preoptic
- Paraventricular
- Supraoptic
- Suprachiasmatic
What are the components of the Mesencephalon
Midbrain Tegmentum Ventral Part • Cranial Nerve Nuclei: III, IV • Midbrain Reticular Formation • Periaqueductal Grey (PAG) • Ascending And Descending Pathways • Red Nucleus • Sommering’s Substantia Nigra • Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Midbrain Tectum Dorsal Part
• Corpora Quadrigemina
• Surface Landmark
What are the components of the Pons?
Basilar Pons Anterior
• Corticospinal Tract
• Transverse Pontine Fibers
• Pontine Nuclei
Pontine Tegmentum Posterior
• Cranial Nerve Nuclei: V, VI, VII, VIII
• Pontine Respiratory Group
• Mesopontine Cholinergic System
What are the components of the medulla oblangata?
- Cranial Nerve Nuclei: IX, X, XI, XII
- Cardiovascular & Respiratory Centers
- Area Postrema
- Pyramidal Decussation
- Cuneate Nucleus & Gracile Nucleus
- Medial Lemniscus
- Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus
- Inferior Olivary Nucleus
What are the components of the brain stem?
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblangata
Cerebral aquaduct
IV ventricle
What are the functions of the brainstem?
Vital control centers of breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate
Regulation of swallowing and digestion
Important arc reflexes integration
Contain the pathways that communicate the brain and the spinal cord
What are the functions of the brainstem?
Vital control centers of breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate
Regulation of swallowing and digestion
Important arc reflexes integration
Contain the pathways that communicate the brain and the spinal cord
Where is the cerebellum located?
Located in the posterior cranial fossa, infratentorial
Composed of the central vermis and 2 cerebellar lobes
What are the parts if and fuctions if the cerebellum?
Paleocerebellum (a.k.a. Spinocerebellum)
Anterior cerebellar lobe unconscious proprioception (inputs from the spinal cord)
Neocerebellum (a.k.a. Cerebrocerebellum)
Posterior cerebellar lobe fine motor coordination (inputs from the brainstem)
Archicerebellum (a.k.a. Vestibulocerebellum)
Floculonodular lobe integration pf head and eye movements. (Inputs from vestibular nuclei)
