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NB1 > General Morphology And Surface Structure > Flashcards

General Morphology And Surface Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Louis Pierre Gratiolet?

A

French Anatomist

Provided the first accurate description of
the cerebral lobes and cerebral sulci in 1854

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2
Q

What are the parts of the cerebrum?

A

The CEREBRUM is composed of 2 cerebral hemispheres separated by the interhemispheric fissure (longitudinal fissure)

The corpus callosum connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres

Each Cerebral Hemisphere can be divided:
• 3 surfaces: lateral, medial, and basal
• 3 margins: superior, inferolateral, and medial
• 3 poles: frontal, temporal, and occipital
• 5 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, insula (hidden)

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3
Q

Describe the lateral aspects of the cerebrum

A

Lobes

FRONTAL LOBE
Posteriorly: central sulcus
Inferiorly: sylvian fissure (posterior)

PARIETAL LOBE
Anteriorly: Central sulcus
Inferiorly: Sylvian fissure, occipitotemporal line Posteriorly: lateral parietotemporal line

TEMPORAL LOBE
Superiorly: Sylvian fissure, occipitotemporal line Posteriorly: lateral parietotemporal line

OCCIPITAL LOBE
Anteriorly: lateral parietotemporal lin

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4
Q

What are the parts of the frontal lobe?

A 
Frontal lobe:
• Superior frontal gyrus
• Middle frontal gyrus
• Inferior frontal gyrus:
• Pars opercularis
• Pars triangularis
• Pars orbitalis
• Precentral gyrus
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5
Q

What are the parts of the parietal lobe?

A 
Parietal lobe:
• Superior parietal lobule
• Inferior parietal lobule:
    • Supramarginal gyrus
    • Angular gyrus
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6
Q

What are the parts of the temporal lobe?

A

Temporal lobe:
• Superior temporal gyrus
• Middle temporal gyrus
• Inferior temporal gyrus

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7
Q

What is the Brodmann area?

A

German anatomist Korbinian Brodmann introduced the cytoarchitechtonic mapping of the brain in 1909

He used the Nissl’s method for neuronal staining
Each hemisphere is composed of 52 Brodmann Areas (BA)

Most of the Brodmann areas have been correlated with specific cortical functions

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8
Q

What are the fuctional motorr areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Primary Motor Areas

Secondary Motor Areas

Tertiary Motor Areas

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9
Q

What are the functional sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Primary Sensory Areas

Secondary Sensory Areas

Tertiary Sensory Areas

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10
Q

What are te functional association areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

P arieto-Temporo- Occipital Association Area

Prefrontal Association Cortex

Limbic Association Cortex

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11
Q

What are the functional areas of the frontal lobe?

A

Primary Motor Cortex (BA 4)

Premotor Cortex (BA 6)

Frontal Eye Field (BA 8)

Prefrontal Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex) Broca Area (BA 44 & 45)

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12
Q

What are the parts of the motor cortex?

A

Primary Motor Cortex: send directly motor fibers to the spinal cord via the corticospinal tract (Brodmann Area 4)

Premotor Cortex: planning movements based on visual and other sensory cues (Brodmann Area 6)

Supplementary Motor Area: retrieves and coordinates memorized motor sequences (Brodmann Area 6)

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13
Q

What and where is the Frontal Eye Field?

A

Brodmann Area 8

Located in the posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus

Control the voluntary saccadic eye movement

Stimulation produces conjugate contralateral eye deviation

Inhibition produces conjugate ipsilateral eye deviation

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14
Q

What and where are the prefrontal cortex?

A

The prefrontal cortex is located anterior to the motor cortex
Functions:

  • Medial prefrontal region is important in motivation, spatial memory, and bi-manual coordination
  • Lateral prefrontal region provides the cognitive foundation of patterns of behavior, orientation, reasoning
  • Orbital prefrontal region participates in impulse control, emotional processing, and maintaining attention
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15
Q

Describe the case of the legendary phineas gage

A

In 1848 an iron rod destroyed his prefrontal cortex area

Notably changed his personality, became irreverent, irritable, quick-tempered.

His memory, speech and motor skills were nor

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16
Q

What is the Broca Area?

A

Located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere, just anterior to the precentral gyrus

Brodmann Area 44 & 45

This area is responsible for the production of language (a lesion produces Broca aphasia)

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17
Q

What are the functional areas of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (BA 3, 1 & 2)

Somatosensory Association Cortex (BA 5 & 7)

Visual Association Cortex (BA 39)

18
Q

What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?

A

Located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

Brodmann Areas 3,1 and 2

Receives sensory information directly from the thalamus

Sensory homunculus (somatotopic organization)

Function: localization of sensory stimul

19
Q

What is the purpose of the Somatosensory Association Cortex?

A

Located posterior to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, in the superior parietal lobule and the supramarginal gyrus

Brodmann Areas 5 & 7

Function: recognizes patterns from integration of palpatory sensory information

20
Q

What is the visual association cortex?

A

Located in the angular gyrus of the inferior parietal lobule

Brodmann Area 39

Function: integrates visual sensory information for pattern recognition

21
Q

Whhat are the functional areas of the temporal lobe?

A

Primary Auditory Cortex (BA 41 & 42)

Wernicke Area (BA 22)

Primary Olfactory Cortex (BA 34)

Fusiform Face Area (BA 37)

22
Q

What is the function of the Primary Auditory Cortex BA 41 & 42?

A

Located in the transverse gyrus (Heschel’s gyrus) of the temporal lobe

Receives input from the medial geniculate body

Lesion produces hearing loss

23
Q

What is Wernicke Area BA 22?

A

Located in the superior temporal gyrus, extending around the lateral sulcus into the parietal lobe (dominant hemisphere)

Function: comprehension of both signed and spoken language, allowing assign meaning to symbols

24
Q

Where is the primary olfactory cortex BA 34?

A

Located in the medial surface of the temporal lobe, in the uncus and entorhinal area (anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus), the limen insulae, and part of the amygdala

25
Q

What is the function of the fusiform gyrus BA 37?

A

Located in the inferior surface of the temporal lobe between the parahippocampal gyrus medially, and the inferior temporal gyrus laterally.

Function: contains the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) which is part of the visual system and participates in facial recognition

26
Q

What are the functional areas of the occipital lobe?

A

Primary Visual Cortex BA 17

Secondary Visual Cortex BA 18 & 19

27
Q

What is the function primary visual cortex BA 17?

A

Located in the area of the calcarine sulcus (cuneus and lingual gyrus)

Receives input from the lateral geniculate body via the optic radiation (geniculocalcarine tract)

Lesion produces contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

27
Q

What is the function primary visual cortex BA 17?

A

Located in the area of the calcarine sulcus (cuneus and lingual gyrus)

Receives input from the lateral geniculate body via the optic radiation (geniculocalcarine tract)

Lesion produces contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

28
Q

Summarize communication between CNS and PNS

A 
To help us understand the basic
anatomy of some important
pathways, we will use the schematic
on the right in class. You should
orient yourself with this image prior to lecture.

We will use some example pathways to illustrate the basic principles of communication between the CNS and PNS.

Later lectures will build on this concept in much greater detail

29
Q

How do tracts assist in communication between the CNS and PNS?

A

-Various pathways or ‘tracts’ mediate communication
between CNS and PNS

• Pathways may be comprised of the soma and axons of one cell type or can be made up of several neuron types connected in a chain

30
Q

Communication between CNS and PNS akways have…

A 
Pathways have a(n):
• Origin
• Target
• Route (possibly including point of crossing over or ‘decussation’)
• Function

Understanding the structure and function of
important pathways can help localize a lesion

31
Q

Communication between CNS and PNS akways have…

A 
Pathways have a(n):
• Origin
• Target
• Route (possibly including point of crossing over or ‘decussation’)
• Function

Understanding the structure and function of
important pathways can help localize a lesion

32
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract (lateral?

A

Motor

33
Q

What isbthe function of the corticobulbar tract?

A

Motor

34
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract (pateral & medial) ?

A

Motor

35
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal (lateral & medial)?

A

Motor

36
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Motor

37
Q

What id the function of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system?

A

Sensory

38
Q

What is the function of the anterolateral system?

A

Sensory

39
Q

What is the corticospinal tract (lateral) comprised of?

A 
Corticospinal Tract (lateral)
• Motor
• Comprised of upper motor
neurons
• Concerned with voluntary control of the contralateral side of the body via synapse with anterior horn cell called the lower motor neuron
• CNS → PNS
40
Q

What is the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system comprised of?

A

Dorsal Column1 - Medial Lemniscus2 System

  • Somatosensory
  • Comprises three neurons

• Transmits information about touch, vibration and proprioception from one side of the body to the contralateral parietal lobe
2
• PNS → CNS

41
Q

What are the anterolateral system comprised of?

A 
Comprises three neurons
• Transmits information about pain and temperature from one side of the body to the contralateral parietal lobe
 -Anterolateral System
• Somatosensory
 • PNS → CNS

NB1 (67 decks)

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