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BIOLOGY > ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS > Flashcards

ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

WHAT IS ECOLOGY?

A

IT IS A SUBJECT THAT STUDIES THE INTERACTIONS AMONG ORGANISMS AND BETWEEN THE ORGANISM AND ITS PHYSICAL AND ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT

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2
Q

WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE FORMATION OF VARIOUS BIOMES?

A
  • ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN THE INTENSITY AND DURATION OF TEMPERATURE DUE TO THE TILT OF THE PLANET AND REVOLVING AROUND THE SUN WHIHC RESULTS IN VARIOUS SEASONS
  • ANNUAL VARIATION IN THE PRECIPITATION
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3
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY ELEMENTS THAT LEAD TO SO MANY VARIATIONS?

A

THE ABIOTIC COMPONENTS ARE TEMPERATURE, WATER, LIGHT AND SOIL
THE BIOTIC COMPONENTS PATHOGENS, PARASITES, PREDATORS AND COMPETITION

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4
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN COMPONENT WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTATIONS?

A

IT IS THROUGH NATURAL SELECTION THAT THE ORGANISMS EVOLVED TO ADAPT TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND OPTIMISE ITS SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION IN ITS HABITAT

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5
Q

WHAT IS A NICHE?

A

THE INVARIABLY RANGE OF THE CONDITIONS THAT THE ORGANISM CAN TOLERATE, THE DIVERSITY IN THE RESOURCES IT USES AND THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE IN THE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM COMPRISES A NICHE

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6
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ABIOTIC FACTORS WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE VARIATIONS IN THE POPULATIONS?

A

TEMPERATURE
WATER
LIGHT
SOIL

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7
Q

HOW DOES THE TEMPERATURE AFFECT THE VARIATIONS IN THE ORGANISM FOUND IN A PARTICULAR HABITAT?

A

DUE TO THE CONSTANT DECREASE IN THE TEMPERATURE FROM THE EQUATOR THE TYPES OF ORGANISMS FOUND VARY TO A GREAT EXTENT. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TEMPERATURE IS THAT THEY AFFECT THE KINETICS OF THE ENZYMES AND THROUGH IT THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC PROCESSES

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8
Q

EURYTHERMAL ANIMALS AND STENOTHERMAL ORGANISMS

A

EURYTHERMAL - CAN THRIVE IN A WIDE RANGE OF TEMPERATURE

STENOTHERMAL - RESTRICTED TO A NARROW RANGE OF TEMPERATURE

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9
Q

WHAT FACTORS OF WATER BECOMES IMPORTANT FOR THE ORGANISMS LIVING IN WATER?

A

PH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

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10
Q

SALINITY DATA:

  • ——— IN INLAND WATERS
  • ——— IN THE SEA
  • ——— IN SOME HYPERSALINE REGIONS
A

LESS THAN 5
30-35
MORE THAN 100

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11
Q

EURYHALINE

STENOHALINE

A

CAN TOLERATE A WIDE RANGE OF SALINITIES

RESTRICTED TO A NARROW RANGE OF SALINITIES

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12
Q

WHAT FACTORS OF LIGHT ARE IMPORTANT?

A

DIURNAL ADN SEASONAL VARIATIONS
INTENSITY
DURATION
THESE FACTORS ARE CUES FOR TIMING THEIR FORAGING, REPRODUCTIVE AND MIGRATORY ACTIVITIES

PLANTS ARE DEPENDENT ON THE SUNLIGHT TO MEET THEIR PHOTOPERIODIC REQUIREMENT FOR FLOWERING

SPECTRAL QUALITY OF THE LIGHT IS ALSO IMPORTANT

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13
Q

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL ON WHICH ON THE SURVIVAL OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS DEPEND?

A 
SOIL COMPOSITION 
GRAIN SIZE 
PERCOLATION RATE
WATER HOLDING CAPACITY
PH 
MINERAL COMPOSITION 
TOPOGRAPHY

IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT THE SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS DETERMINE THE TYPE OF BENTHIC ANIMALS THAT CAN THRIVE THERE

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14
Q

REGULATORS AND CONFORMERS

A

CAN MAINTAIN CONSTANT BODY TEMPERATURE, CONSTANT OSMOTIC CONCENTRATION, ETC (MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS) BY PHYSIOLOGICAL MEANS

BODY TEMPERATURES CHANGE WITH THE CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

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15
Q

WHAT IS THE REASON BEHIND THE SUCCESS OF MAMMALS?

A

THEIR ABILITY TO MAINTAIN A CONSTANT BODY TEMPERATURE

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16
Q

ALL PLANTS ARE CONFORMERS. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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17
Q

WHY ALL ORGANISMS ARE NOT ABLE TO SWEAT TO MAINTAIN A CONSTANT BODY TEMPERATURE?

A

IT IS BECAUSE THERMOREGULATION IS ENERGETICALLY EXPENSIVE PROCESS

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18
Q

WHY SMALL ANIMALS TEND TO LOSE UP HEAT MUCH FASTER IN COLDER ENVIRONMENTS?

A

IT IS BECAUSE THEY HAVE A LARGER SURFACE AREA RELATIVE TO THEIR VOLUME. THEY HAVE TO EXPEND MUCH ENERGY TO GENERATE HEAT THROUGH METABOLISM. THIS IS THE REASON WHY SMALL ANIMALS ARE NOT FOUND IN THE POLAR REGIONS

19
Q

WHICH NATIONAL PARK IN RAJASTHAN IS A HOST TO THOUSANDS OF BIRDS FROM SIBERIA?

A

KEOLADO NATIONAL PARK IN BHARATPUR

20
Q

HOW DO BACTERIA, FUNGI AND LOWER PLANTS SURVIVE IN THE UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS?

A

THEY DEVELOP THICK WALLED SPORES WHICH HELP THEM SURVIVE IN UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS

21
Q

WHICH STRUCTURE IN HIGHER PLANTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SURVIVAL IN UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS?

A

SEEDS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DISPERSAL AND ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR HELPING THE PLANT TO SURVIVE IN UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS SINCE THE EMBRYO IS IN A DORMANT STATE
WHEN THE CONDITIONS ARE FAVOURABLE, THE SEEDS DEVELOP AND GERMINATE INTO A NEW PLANT

22
Q

HIBERNATION
AESTIVATION
DIAPAUSE

A

BEARS GOING INTO A DEEP SLEEP DURING WINTERS
SNAILS AND FISHES GO INTO A DEEP SLEEP DURING SUMMER. TO AVOID SUMMER RELATED PROBLEMS SUCH AS HEAT AND DESSICATION
ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES IN LAKES AND PONDS ENTER A STAGE OF SUSPENDED GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

23
Q

ADAPTATION CAN BE OF HOW MANY TYPES?

A

BEHAVIOURAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL

24
Q

KANGAROO RAT ADAPTATIONS

A

THROUGH INTERNAL FAT OXIDATION IT CAN MEET THE WATER REQUIREMENTS
IT CONCENTRATES URINE SO THAT MINIMAL AMOUNT OF WATER IS USED TO REMOVE

25
Q

DESERT PLANT ADAPTATIONS

A

THICK CUTICLE ON THEIR LEAF
SUNKEN STOMATA
SPECIAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY (CAM PATHWAY) THAT ENABLES THE STOMATA TO REMAIN
DESERT PLANTS HAVE LEAVES REDUCED TO SPINES
PHOTOSYNTHETIC FUNCTION IS TAKEN OVER BY FLATTENED STEMS

26
Q

WHAT IS ALLEN’S RULE?

A

MAMMALS FROM COLDER CLIMATES GENERALLY HAVE SHORTER EARS ADN LIMBS TO MINIMISE HEAT LOSS

27
Q

HOW ARE SEALS ABLE TO SURVIVE IN COLDER CLIMATES?

A

THEY HAVE A THICK LAYER OF FAT BELOW THEIR SKIN THAT ACTS AS AN INSULATOR AND REDUCES LOSS OF BODY HEAT

28
Q

ALTITUDE SICKNESS INCLUDES

A

NAUSEA, FATIGUE AND HEART PALPITATIONS

29
Q

HOW DOES THE BODY COMPENSATE FOR OXYGEN DEFICIENCY AT HIGHER ALTITUDES?

A

BY INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF RED VLOOD CELLS

30
Q

HOW DO THE FISHES MANAGE TO SURVIVE IN COLD WATERS IN THE ANTARCTIC?

A

THE FISHES HAVE DEVELOPED A PROTEIN WHICH ACTS AS AN ANTIFREEZING AGENT

31
Q

HOW ARE DESERT LIZARDS ADAPTED TO THE ENVIRONMENT?

A

THEY BASK IN THE SUN AND ABSORB HEAT WHEN THEIR BODY TEMPERATURE IS BELOW THEIR COMFORT ZONE AND MOVE INTO THE SHADE WHEN THEIR AMBIENT TEMPERATURE STARTS INCREASING

32
Q

WHAT IS AN AGE PYRAMID?

A

IF THE AGE DISTRIBUTION (PER CENT INDIVIDUALS OF A GIVEN AGE OR AGE GROUP) IS PLOTTED FOR THE POPULATION THE RESULTING STRUCTURE IS CALLED AN AGE PYRAMID

33
Q

RELATIVE DENSITIES

A

FISH CAUGHT PER TRAP IS A GOOD WAY TO MEASURE THE FISH IN A POND

PUG MARKS OR FECAL PELLETS ARE A WAY TO ESTIMATE THE TOTAL POPULATION OF THE TIGER

34
Q

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

A

WHEN RESOURCES ARE UNLIMITED
WHEN THERE IS NO COMPETITION
WHEN THERE ARE NO PREDATORS TO KEEP A CHECK ON THE GROWING POPULATION

THE SHAPE OF THE GRAPH OBTAINED IS A J-SHAPE

35
Q

LOGISTIC GROWTH

A

WHEN THERE ARE LIMITED RESOURCES
WHEN THERE IS COMPETITION FOR THE EXISTING RESOURCES
WHEN THERE ARE PREDATORS TO KEEP A CHECK ON THE POPULATION

36
Q

WHAT IS THE CARRYING CAPACITY?

A

IT IS DEFINED AS THE LIMIT BEYOND WHICH THERE IS NO GROWTH IN THE POPULATION.
CARRYING CAPACITY IS REPRESENTED BY ‘K’

37
Q

VERHULST-PEARL LOGISTIC GROWTH

A

LAG PHASE
THEN PHASES OF ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION
FINALLY AN ASYMPTOTE

SHAPE - SIGMOID

38
Q

BREED ONLY ONCE IN THEIR LIFE ——–

BREED MANY TIMES ——–

A

PACIFIC SALMON AND BAMBOO

MOST BIRDS AND MAMMALS

39
Q

LARGE NUMBER SMALL SIZED ORGANISMS ——

SMALL NUMBER LARGE SIZED ORGANISMS ——

A

OYSTERS AND PELAGIC FISHES

BIRDS AND MAMMALS

40
Q

INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTION ARISES FROM THE INTERACTION OF POPULATION OF TWO ———– SPECIES

A

DIFFERENT

41
Q

THE INTERACTION COULD BE:-

A

BENEFICIAL
DETRIMENTAL
NEUTRAL

42
Q

PREDATION IS A WAY OF TRANSFERRING ENERGY FROM FIXED PLANTS TO HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

43
Q

PREDATORS ARE CALLED ‘CONDUITS OF ENEGRY’. TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

44
Q

PREDATORS ARE USEFUL IN THE SENSE THAT:-

A

CONDUITS OF ENERGY
MAINTAINING THE SPECIES DIVERSITY BY REDUCING THE INTENSITY OF COMPETITION AMONG COMPETING PREY POPULATION
PRUDENT IN NATURE AND KEEPS A CHECK ON THE PREY POPULATION BY NOT OVER-EXPLOITING IT

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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