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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

POLLUTION

A

ANY UNDESIRABLE CHANGE IN PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR, LAND, WATER OR SOIL

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2
Q

AGENTS THAT BRING UNDESIRABLE CHANGE

A

POLLUTANTS

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3
Q

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT, INDIA

A

1986

AIM - TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT

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4
Q

THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION DEPEND ON -

A

THE CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS
DURATION OF EXPOSURE
ORGANISM

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5
Q

DISADVANTAGE OF SMOKE STACKERS IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS AND SMELTERS

A

RELEASE PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS TOGETHER WITH HARMLESS GASES SUCH AS NITROGEN, OXYGEN

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6
Q

WORK OF AN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

A

REMOVES 99% PARTICULATE MATTER PRESENT IN THE EXHAUST FROM THE THERMAL POWER PLANT

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7
Q

SCRUBBER REMOVES WHICH GAS

A

SO2

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8
Q

WHAT IS THE PARTICULATE MATTER WHICH CAUSES MORE HARM TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH?

A

PARTICULATE SIZE 2.5 MICROMETERS OR LESS IN SIZE (PM 2.5)

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9
Q

WHICH ORGANISATION PROPOSED THE PARTICULATE SIZE AS MORE HARMFUL TO THE HUMAN HEALTH?

A

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB)

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10
Q

PROBLEMS TO HUMAN HEALTH CAUSED BY INHALING PARTICULATE MATTER

A 
BREATHING AND RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS
IRRITATIONS 
INFLAMMATIONS 
DAMAGE TO LUNGS 
PREMATURE DEATH
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11
Q

MAJOR CAUSE OF AIR POLLUTION

A

AUTOMOBILES

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12
Q

CATALYTIC CONVERTERS HAVE WHICH METALS IN THEM

A

EXPENSIVE METALS SUCH AS PALLADIUM AND PLATINUM AND RHODIUM AS CATALYSTS

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13
Q

FUNCTION OF CATALYTIC CONVERTOR

A

THEY HAVE EXPENSIVE METALS AS CATALYSTS FITTED INTO AUTOMOBILES FOR REDUCING EMISSION OF POISONOUS GASES

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14
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN CATALYTIC CONVERTERS?

A

THE EXHAUST WHEN PASSES THROUGH THE CATALYTIC CONVERTER, THE UNBURNT HYDROCARBONS ARE CONVERTED INTO CO2 AND H2O AND CO AND NO ARE CHANGED TO CO2 AND N2

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15
Q

VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH CATALYTIC CONVERTERS SHOULD USE WHICH TYPE OF PETROL?

A

UNLEADED PETROL BECAUSE LEAD INACTIVATES THE CATALYST

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16
Q

NOISE WAS INCLUDED AS AN AIR POLLUTANT UNDER THE ACT

A

AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, BROUGHT INTO FORCE IN THE YEAR 1981 BUT WAS AMENDED IN 1987

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17
Q

NOISE IS ——-

A

UNDESIRED HIGH LEVEL OF SOUND

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18
Q

EFFECTS OF NOISE ON HUMAN HEALTH

A

SLEEPLESSNESS
INCREASED HEART BEAT
ALTERED BREATHING PATTERN
INCREASING STRESS

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19
Q

REDUCTION IN THE NOISE LEVELS OF INDUSTRIES CAN BE BROUGHT BY

A

USING SOUND ABSORBENT MATERIALS OR BY MUFFLING NOISE

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20
Q

DELHI RANKED AMONG THE 41 MOST POLLUTED CITIES IN THE WORLD IN THE YEAR

A

1990s

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21
Q

ALL THE BUSES IN DELHI WERE MADE TO RUN ON CNG IN THE YEAR

A

2002

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22
Q

CNG IS BETTER THAN PETROL OR DIESEL

A 
BURNS MORE EFFICIENTLY 
ONLY A LITTLE PORTION OF IT IS LEFT UNBURNT
CHEAPER THAN PETROL OR DIESEL 
CANNOT BE SIPHONED OFF BY THIEVES 
CANNOT BE ADULTERED
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23
Q

WHICH NORMS WERE MEANT TO KEEP A CHECK ON THE POLLUTION CAUSED BY SULPHUR

A

EURO III

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24
Q

EURO III NORMS STATED THAT

A

SULPHUR CAN BE REDUCED BY 350 PPM IN DIESEL AND BY 150 PPM IN PETROL
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ARE TO BE CONTAINED AT 42% OF THE CONCERNED FUEL

MAIN GOAL - REDUCE SULPHUR TO 50 PPM IN PETROL AND DIESEL AND BRING DOWN THE LEVEL TO 35%

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25
Q

WHICH MASS EMISSION STANDARDS ARE NOW NOT APPLICABLE IN THE COUNTRY

A

BHARAT II STAGE NORMS SIMILAR TO EURO II NORMS

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26
Q

A SUBSTANTIAL FALL IN THE LEVELS OF CO2 AND SO2 OCCURRED IN THE YEAR

A

1997 TO 2005

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27
Q

WHICH ACT WAS LAUNCHED BY THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT TO SAFEGUARD THE WATER RESOURCES

A

WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT 1974

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28
Q

THE IMPURITIES IN THE WATER CONSTITUTE ABOUT ——

A

0.1%

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29
Q

THE IMPURITIES IN THE WATER CONSIST OF

A

SUSPENDED SOLIDS - SAND, SILT AND CLAY
COLLOIDAL PARTICLES - FAECAL MATTERS, BACTERIA, CLOTH AND PAPER FIBRES
DISSOLVED MATERIALS - NUTRIENTS LIKE NITRATE, PHOSPHATE, SODIUM AND CALCIUM

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30
Q

THE PRIMARY CONSTITUENT OF THE DOMESTIC SEWAGE IS

A

BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC MATTER

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31
Q

ALGAL BLOOM MEANS

A

THE EXCESSIVE GROWTH OF PLANKTONIC (FREE-FLOATING) ALGAE IN THE WATER BODY DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF NUTRIENTS

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32
Q

WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF ALGAL BLOOM ON THE WATER BODY?

A

IT DETERIORATES THE WATER QUALITY AND CAUSES FISH MORTALITY

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33
Q

HEAVY METALS ARE THOSE METALS WHOSE DENSITY IS

A

MORE THAN 5 G/CM^3

EXAMPLES - MERCURY, CALCIUM, LEAD AND COPPER

34
Q

BIOMAGNIFICATION REFERS TO

A

THE INCREASE IN CONCENTRATION OF THE TOXICANT AT SUCCESSIVE TROPHIC LEVELS

35
Q

BIOMAGNIFICATION IS WELL KNOWN FOR ———- AND ————-

A

MERCURY AND DDT

36
Q 
DDT CONCENTRATION IN THE AQUATIC FOOD CHAIN 
WATER -----
ZOOPLANKTON --------
SMALL FISH ---------
LARGE FISH --------
FISH EATING BIRDS -------
A

0.003 PPB
0.04 PPM
0.5 PPM
2 PPM
25 PPM

37
Q

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF DDT IN THE FOOD CHAIN ON BIRDS

A

IT DISTURBS CALCIUM METABOLISM IN THE BIRDS WHICH CAUSE THINNING OF THE EGGSHELL AND THEIR PREMATURE BREAKING, EVENTUALLY CAUSING A DECLINE IN THE BIRD POPULATION

38
Q

EUTROPHICATION MEANS

A

IT IS THE NATURAL AGEING OF A LAKE BY NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT OF ITS WATER

39
Q

CULTURAL OR ACCELERATED EUTOPHICATION IS DUE TO THE ACTIVITIES OF

A

HUMANS

40
Q

THE PRIME CONTAMINANTS OF THE WATER BODY IS

A

PHOSPHATES ACT AS PLANT NUTRIENTS BECAUSE
THEY OVERSTIMULATE THE GROWTH OF ALGAE
UNSIGHTLY SCUM
UNPLEASANT ODOURS
REDUCING THE OXYGEN LEVELS IN THE WATER BODY

41
Q

THERMAL WASTEWATER ACTS AS A POLLUTANT BECAUSE

A

IT REDUCES THE OR ELIMINATES THE ORGANISMS SENSITIVE TO THE HIGHER TEMPERATURES

42
Q

WHICH ASSOCIATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SAFEGUARDING THE ARCATA PROJECT

A

FRIENDS OF THE ARCATA MARSH (FOAM)

43
Q

ECOSAN TOILETS IN KERALA, SRILANKA

A

IT RECYCLES THE HUMAN EXCRETA INTO A RESOURCE WHICH REDUCES THE NEED FOR CHEMICAL FERTILISERS

44
Q

ALL THE WASTE GENERATED CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE CATEGORIES

A

BIODEGRADABLE
NON-BIODEGRADABLE
RECYCLABLE

45
Q

ELECTRONIC WASTES INCLUDE

A

IRREPARABLE COMPUTERS AND OTHER ELCTRONIC GOODS

46
Q

HALF OF THE E WASTE GENERATED ARE SENT TO WHICH COUNTRIES

A

THESE WASTES ARE SENT TO THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIKE INDIA, CHINA, AND PAKISTAN

47
Q

METALS RECOVERED DURING THE PROCESS OF RECYCLING OF GOODS

A

COPPER, IRON AND SILICON

48
Q

WHO INVENTED POLYBLEND

A

AHMED KHAN

49
Q

WHAT WAS POLYBLEND?

A

IT WAS A FINE POWDER OF RECYCLED MODIFIED PLASTIC

50
Q

USE OF POLYBLEND

A

IT IS MIXED WITH BITUMEN AND IS USED TO LAY ROADS

51
Q

ADVANTAGES OF LAYING DOWN ROADS WITH BITUMEN MIXED WITH POLYBLEND

A

ENHANCED BITUMEN’S WATER REPELLANT PROPERTIES

HELPED TO INCREASE THE ROAD LIFE FACTOR OF THREE

52
Q

WHO CREATED THE HARYANA KISAN WELFARE CLUB WHICH PRESENTLY HAS A MEMBERSHIP OF 5000 FARMERS?

A

RAMESH CHANDRA DAGAR, A FARMER IN SONIPAT, HARYANA

53
Q

THE PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED WITH THE RADIOACTIVE WASTES

A

ACCIDENTAL LEAKAGE

SAFE DISPOSAL

54
Q

NAME TWO INCIDENTS OF ACCIDENTAL LEAKAGE OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES

A

ONE IN THE THREE MILE ISLAND

AND SECOND IN CHERNOBYL

55
Q

RADIOACTIVE WASTES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR WHICH DISEASE IN HUMANS

A

CANCER

56
Q

RADIOACTIVE WASTES HAVE TO BE BURIED IN THE ROCKS ABOUT ———- m DEEP

A

500 m

57
Q

TERM ‘GREENHOUSE EFFECT’ HAS BEEN DERIVED FROM THE ——— PHENOMENON. EXPLAIN.

A

GREENHOUSE PHENOMENON

IT IS USUALLY A GLASS HOUSE CONSTRUCTED TO KEEP THE PLANTS GROWING IN THE COLDER REGIONS

58
Q

GREENHOUSE PHENOMENON WORKS ON WHICH PRINCIPLE?

A

IT WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT GLASS TRAPS THE SUNLIGHT. ONCE SUNLIGHT ENTERS IN THE GLASS IT CANNOT MOVE OUT. HENCE THE TEMPERATURE WITHIN IT RISES

59
Q

WITHOUT THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF THE EARTH WOULD HAVE BEEN ———

A

-18 C

AT PRESENT THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF THE EARTH IS 15 C

60
Q

THE MOST COMMON GREENHOUSE GASES ARE

A

METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE

61
Q

DURING THE PAST CENTURY THE TEMPERATURE OF THE EARTH HAS INCREASED BY ———

A

0.6 C

62
Q 
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE GREENHOUSE GASES TO THE ATMOSPHERE 
CO2 ------
CFC -------
CH4 -------
N2O -------
A

60%
14%
20%
6%

63
Q

THE EARTH REFLECTS THE RADIATIONS IN THE FORM OF ——-

A

INFRARED RADIATIONS

64
Q

EL NINO EFFECT IS DUE TO

A

THE RISE IN TEMPERATURE

65
Q

THE GOOD OZONE IS FOUND IN WHICH REGION

A

IN THE UPPER PART OF THE STRATOSPHERE

66
Q

THE BAD OZONE IS FOUND IN

A

THE TROPOSPHERE

67
Q

THE FUNCTION OF GOOD OZONE

A

IT ACTS AS A SHIELD AND PROTECTS THE LIFE FROM ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS

68
Q

THE THICKNESS OF THE OZONE IN A COLUMN OF AIR FROM THE GROUND TO THE TOP OF THE ATMOSPHERE IS MEASURED IN TERMS OF

A

DOBSON UNIT (DU)

69
Q

THE BALANCE OF PRODUCTION AND DEGRADATION HAS BEEN DISRUPTED DUE TO

A

CFC - CHLOROFLUORO CARBONS

70
Q

CFCs ARE WIDELY USED IN THE

A

REFRIGERANTS

71
Q

OZONE DEPLETION MAJORLY OCCURS IN THE

A

STRATOSPHERE

72
Q

THE DEPLETION HAS OCCURRED WIDELY IN THE ——-

A

ANTARCTIC REGION

THE THINNED LAYER OF OZONE FORMED IS COMMONLY KNOWN AS OZONE HOLE

73
Q

A HIGH DOSE OF UV-B CAUSES INFLAMMATION OF THE CORNEA CALLED AS ——–

A

SNOW BLINDNESS

CATARACT

74
Q

WHICH IS MORE DANGEROUS UV OR UVB?

A

UV-B BECAUSE IT IS NOT ABSORBED BY THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

AND UV-B DAMAGES DNA AND MUTATION CAN OCCUR

75
Q

MONTREAL PROTOCOL WAS SIGNED IN

A

MONTREAL, CANADA IN 1987 BUT WAS EFFECTIVE IN 1989

OBJECTIVE - TO CONTROL THE EMISSION OF OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

76
Q

———– % FORESTS ARE LOST IN THE TROPICS WHILE ———- % IN THE TEMPERATE

A

40%

1%

77
Q

IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY FORESTS COVERED ABOUT ——- % IN INDIA
BY THE END OF TWENTIETH CENTURY IT SHRUNK TO ——- %

A

30%

21.54%

78
Q

NATIONAL FOREST POLICY (1988) OF INDIA RECOMMENDED ——— % FOREST COVER FOR THE PLAINS AND ——- % FOR THE HILLS

A

33%

67%

79
Q

SLASH AND BURN AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTH-EASTERN STATES IS COMMONLY KNOWN AS ———

A

JHUM CULTIVATION

80
Q

THE BISHNOI COMMUNITY IS KNOWN FOR ——

A

PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE WITH THE NATURE

81
Q

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF AMRITA DEVI BISHNOI WILDLIFE PROTECTION AWARD

A

THE AWARD IS GIVEN THE INDIVIDUALS OR COMMUNITIES FROM RURAL AREAS THAT HAVE SHOWN EXTRAORDINARY COURAGE AND DEDICATION IN PROTECTING WILDLIFE

82
Q

THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA IN 1980s INTRODUCED THE CONCEPT OF JAIN FOREST MANAGEMENT (JFM)
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF IT

A

IT WAS DONE SO AS TO WORK CLOSELY WITH THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES FOR PROTECTING AND MANAGING FORESTS
IN RETURN FOR THEIR SERVICE THEY GET BENEFITTED BY THE FOREST PRODUCTS (RESINS, GUM, MEDICINE, FRUITS, ETC.)

IN THIS WAY THE FOREST CAN BE CONSERVED IN A SUSTAINABLE MANNER

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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