HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES Flashcards
some common examples of protozoan diseases
malaria caused by plasmodium
amoebiasis caused by entamoeba histolytica
characteristic symptoms of amoebiasis
- abdominal pain
- stools with excess blood and mucous
- cramps
the carriers for amoebiasis are
houseflies act as mechanical carriers for the disease
it is transmitted from the faeces of an infected person to food and food products. contaminated drinking water is also a source of infection
ascariasis is caused by
it is caused by a round worm called as ascaris
characteristic symptoms of this disease are
- intestinal blockage
- muscular pain
- anaemia
- internal bleeding
entamoeba histolytica infects the ———– intestine while typhoid causes infection in the ———— intestine
large, small respectively
how is ascariasis caused?
the eggs of Ascaris are excreted through the faeces of the infected person which contaminate soil, food and water
how is ascaris enter into the human body?
through the contaminated food and water, which means again the faecal-oral route
elephantiasis is caused by
wuchereria bancrofti. it is also known as filarial worm and the disease is also known as filariasis
which organs are affected in filariasis
the filarial worm develops chronic inflammations in the organs in which they live. they usually affect the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and event the genital organs causing gross deformities
how is filariasis transmitted from one person to another
it is transmitted by the bite of the female mosquito which acts as a vector.
ringworms are caused by
they are caused by fungi
- microsporum
- epidermophyton
- trichophyton
characteristic symptoms of ringworms
-the appearance of dry, scaly lesions on main parts of the body such as the scalp, skin, and nails. they are associated with intense itching. the heat and moisture help them to grow
fish that feeds on mosquito larva
gambusia
dengue and chikungunya is caused by
they are vector born disease and are caused by the bite if the Aedes mosquitoes
what is immunity?
it is the overall ability of the host to fight the disease-causing organisms, conferred by the immune system
what is innate immunity?
the non-specific type of defence that is present by the birth
what are the four types of barriers provided by the innate immunity?
1) physiological barriers - skin. mucous lining of the urinogenital, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract
2) physical barriers - hcl in the stomach, saliva in the mouth, tears from the eyes
3) cellular barriers - leukocytes (WBC) like PMNL-neutrophils (polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes), monocytes, natural killer (lymphocytes), macrophages
4) cytokine - virus-infected cells secrete proteins called interferons which protect the non-infected cells from further viral infection
what is acquired immunity?
it is the pathogen-specific, characterised by memory type of immunity which is acquired after birth
the first response which is initiated is called the ———- response which is of ——— intensity. subsequent exposures to the same pathogen elicits a ———— response of much ———– intensity
primary, low
secondary/anamnestic, high
acquired immunity is characterised by
it is classified into two -
humoral and cell-mediated immunity
humoral immunity is characterised by the production of antibodies produced by the B-lymphocytes and the cell-mediated immunity is characterised by the production of T-lymphocytes
who produces the antibodies? what are they made up of? under which type of immunity does it belong to?
B-lymphocytes are the ones who produce the antibodies. they are made up of glycoproteins. it is a part of humoral immunity
what are antibodies made up of? describe the meaning of H2L2.
antibodies are made up of glycoproteins. H2L2 represents the structure of the antibody. H2 stands for two heavy peptide chains. L2 stands for two light peptide chains which comprise the structure
which type of immunity is responsible for graft rejection?
cell-mediated immunity
what is the meaning of active immunity?
when a person is exposed to an antigen which may be living, dead or weakened, antibodies are produced which is called the active immunity
what is the meaning of passive immunity?
when readymade antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents, such as snakebites, tetanus etc
which type of antibody is present in mother’s milk? which antibody is able to cross the placenta?
IgA antibody is present in the mother’s milk. IgG type of antibody is able to cross the placenta
antibody present in the mother’s milk is an example of active or passive immunity
passive immunity
what is the principle of immunisation?
it works on the principle of memory
which vaccine is produced using recombinant DNA technology?
hepatitis B
what is an allergy?
it is the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain drugs present int he environment
which type of antibody is responsible for causing allergic reaction?
IgE type
symptoms of allergic reactions are
sneezing, watery eyes, running nose, difficulty in breathing
allergy is characterised by the release of
histamine and serotonin from the mast cells
which type of drugs can be used to treat allergy?
anti-histamine, adrenaline and steroids
what are auto-immune disorders?
due to genetic reasons, the body starts attacking the self resulting in damage to the immunity that fails to differentiate between foreign and self. due to this, the body starts attacking its cells. E.g: rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, pernicious anaemia
the primary lymphoid organs are
bone marrow and thymus
what is the function of the primary lymphoid organs?
this is the place where the immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes
the secondary lymphoid organs are
spleen, Peyer’s patches, tonsils, lymph nodes, appendix
what is the function of secondary lymphoid organs?
they provide sites for the interaction of the lymphocytes with the antigen which then proliferates to become effector cells
shape of spleen
bean shaped
what is the function of lymph nodes?
they trap the micro-organisms or other antigens which happen to get into the lymph or tissue fluid. the antigens trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible for the activation of the immune response
what constitutes 50% of the lymphoid tissue in the human body?
MALT - mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
AIDS full form
Acquired Immuno deficiency disorder
AIDS is a congenital disorder.
True or false
FALSE
AIDS was first reported in the year
1981
AIDS is caused by which group of virus.
hint: it is the same virus which by insertional inactivation is used in the biotechnology
RETROVIRUS
Retrovirus have which type of genome?
rna
How can aids transmit from one person to another?
- sexual contact with the other person
- by transfusion of blood from an infected person to another healthy person
- by sharing infected needles, like intravenous drug abusers
- from placenta of infected person to her child
can AIDS spread by just mere physical contact?
no, it can only spread through the body fluids
what is window period?
it is the time lag between the infection and the appearance of the symptoms
what is the window period for AIDS?
usually 5-10 years
which cell is known as the HIV factory?
macrophages. because the virus enters the macrophage where the rna replicates to form DNA by the help of the enzyme reverse transciptase. and then the macrophage starts producing more virus which then attacks the t-lymphocytes causing their amount to decrease to a great extent.
which is the first cell which is attacked by the HIV virus?
macrophage
AIDS can be confirmed by which test?
ELISA - enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay
it is based on antigen and antibody reaction
what is the full form of NACO?
National AIDS Control Organization
cancer cells show contact inhibition. true or false
FALSE
what are the two types of tumor? which one of it is more fatal?
Benign and malignant tumor.
malignant tumor is more dangerous and fatal because it can spread to different parts of the body
which property is shown by cancerous cells?
the property of metastasis is shown by the cancerous cells. due to this property the cancer cells of malignant tumor can start off a new tumor wherever it lands up after travelling through the blood
what are the carcinogens?
carcinogens are those substances which induce the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells.
the various types of carcinogens are physical, biological and chemical
ionising agents - x rays and gamma rays
non ionising radiations - uv rays
these substances cause cause DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformations
which type of cells are even present in the normal cells?
proto-oncogenes which tranforms into oncogenes due to the carcinogens
what are the methods which can be used to detect cancer present in the body?
biopsy - a piece of suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope
bone marrow and blood tests - to check the increased cell count
use of x rays, CT scan (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
how is cancer treated?
by surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy
even alpha-interferons are given to the patients in order to battle with cancer
opioid receptors are present in:-
they are present in the cns and gastrointestinal tract
heroin is also called:-
it is called smack and is chemically diacetylmorphine and is obtained from acetylation of morphine
where is heroin extracted from?
it is extracted from the latex of poppy plant.
Papaver somniferum
how is heroin generally consumed?
it is taken by snorting and injection
heroin is a depressant and slows down the body functions
where are the cannabinoid receptors are present?
they are present in the brain
cannabinoids are extracted from:-
they are extracted from the inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa
even the flower tops, leaves and resin is used to produce marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja
how are cannabinoids taken in?
they are taken by inhaling and oral ingestion
they affect our cardiovascular system
cocaine is obtained from which plant
Erythroxylum coca which is a plant native to south America
which drug interferes with the transport of the near-transmitter dopamine?
cocaine
cocaine is also known as coke or crack and is usually taken as?
it is usually snorted
where does cocaine affect?
it has a potent stimulating action on cns and produces a sense of euphoria and increased energy
excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucination. true or false
true
the drugs abused by sportsmen are obtained from which plant?
Atropa belladona
which drugs are used by patients coping up with depression and insomnia?
barbiturates, aphetamines and benzodiazepines
which drug is given to patients who have undergone major surgery?
morphine
smoking paves way to hard drugs. true or false.
true
nicotine increases blood pressure and heart rate because it stimulates the adrenal gland to release adrenalin and nor-adrenalin in the body. true or false
true
how does smoking reduces O2 level in the body?
it increases the carbon-monoxide content in the blood resulting a deficiency of oxygen
withdrawal symptoms
shakiness, anxiety, nausea and sweating
how to prevent intake of drugs and alcohol?
- Avoid undue peer pressure
- education and counselling
- seeking help from parents and peers
- looking for danger signs
- seeking professional and medical help
