MINERAL NUTRITION Flashcards
JULIUS VON SACHS WAS A ————
GERMAN BOTANIST
JULIUS VON SACHS IS WELL KNOWN FOR
DEMONSTRATION OF PLANTS GROWING TO MATURITY IN A DEFINED NUTRIENT SOLUTION EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF SOIL
THE TECHNIQUE OF GROWING PLANTS IN THE ABSENCE OF SOIL IN A WELL DEFINED NUTRIENT MEDIUM IS CALLED
HYDROPONICS
WHO DISCOVERED HYDROPONICS AND IN WHICH YEAR?
JULIUS VON SACHS
1860
HYDROPONICS HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY EMPLOYED FOR THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLES SUCH AS ———
TOMATO
SEEDLESS CUCUMBER
LETTUCE
HOW MANY ELEMENTS ARE FOUND IN PLANTS?
MORE THAN 60 OF THE 105 DISCOVERED
PLANTS GROWIN NEAR THE RADIOACTIVE SITES TAKE UP ———-
RADIOACTIVE STRONTIUM
WHAT IS THE CRITERIA FOR AN ELEMENT TO BECOME AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT?
- ELEMENT MUST BE ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY
- REQUIREMENT OF THE ELEMENT MUST BE SPECIFIC AND NOT REPLACEABLE BY OTHER ELEMENT
- ELEMENT MUST BE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM OF THE PLANT
ELEMENTS BASED ON THEIR QUANTITATIVE REQUIREMENT ARE CLASSIFIED INTO HOW MANY TYPES
2 TYPES
MICRONUTRIENTS
MACRONUTRIENTS
MICRONUTRIENTS ARE
THOSE ELEMENTS THAT ARE REQUIRED IN VERY SMALL AMOUNTS (LESS THAN 10 mmole/kg) THESE INCLUDES IRON MANGANESE COPPER MOLYBDENUM ZINC BORON CHLORIDE NICKEL
MACRONUTRIENTS ARE
PRESENT IN THE PLANT TISSUES AND ARE REQUIRED IN LARGE AMOUNTS (more than 10 mmole/kg OF DRY MATTER) THESE INCLUDE CARBON MAGNESIUM HYDROGEN OXYGEN NITROGEN PHOSPHOROUS POTASSIUM CALCIUM
WHAT ARE THE BENEFICIAL ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY THE PLANT
SELENIUM SODIUM SILICON COBALT THEY ARE REQUIRED BY THE HIGHER PLANTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS CAN BE GROUPED INTO HOW MANY CATEGORIES?
IT CAN BE GROUPED INTO 4 COMPONENTS OF BIOMOLECULES COMPONENTS OF ENERGY RELATED COMPOUNDS ACTIVATE OR INHIBIT ENZYMES ALTERING THE OSMOTIC POTENTIAL
WHICH ELEMENTS ARE THE COMPONENTS OF BIOMOLECULES?
THEY ARE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE CELL
C, H, O, N
WHICH ELEMENTS ARE PRESENT IN THE ENERGY RELATED COMPOUNDS?
Mg IN CHLOROPHYLL
P IN ATP
GIVE EXAMPLES WHEN THE ELEMENTS HAVE PARTICIPATED IN ACTIVATING OR INHIBITING THE FUNCTION OF AN ENZYME.
Mg+2 IS AN ACTIVATOR FOR BOTH RuBisCO AND PEPcase
Zn+2 IS AN ACTIVATOR OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
Mo IS AN ACTIVATOR OF NITROGENASE DURING NITROGEN METABOLISM
WHICH ELEMENT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MAINTAINING THE OSMOTIC POTENTIAL?
POTASSIUM PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN OPENING AND CLOSING OF STOMATA
WHICH ELEMENT IS REQUIRED BY THE PLANTS IN GREATEST AMOUNT?
NITROGEN
NITROGEN IS MAINLY TAKEN IN THE FORM OF:-
NO3-
BUT SOME PLANTS TAKE IT UP AS NH4+ OR NO2-
WHICH PART OF THE PLANT REQUIRES NITROGEN THE MOST?
THE MERISTEMATIC TISSUES AND METABOLICALLY ACTIVE CELLS
NITROGEN IS THE MAJOR CONSTITUENT OF ——-
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
VITAMINS AND HHORMONES
PHOSPHOROUS IS ABSORBED BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
H2PO4- OR HPO4-2
REQUIREMENT OF PHOSPHOROUS
REQUIRED IN THE PHOSPHORYLATION REACTIONS
PHOSPHORUS IS AN IMPORTANT CONSTITUENT OF
CELL MEMBRANE
CERTAIN PROTEINS
ALL NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDES
POTASSIUM IS ABSORBED BY THE PLANT IN THE FORM OF
K+ IONS
POTASSIUM IS ABUNDANTLY REQUIRED BY WHICH PARTS OF THE PLANTS?
REQUIRED BY THE MERISTEMATIC TISSUES, BUDS AND LEAVES
FUNCTION OF POTASSIUM?
ANION-CATION BALANCE IN THE CELLS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OPENING AND CLOSING OF THE STOMATA ACTIVATION OF THE ENZYMES MAINTENANCE OF THE TURGIDITY OF THE CELLS
CALCIUM IS ABSORBED BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Ca+2
CALCIUM IS REQUIRED BY WHICH PLANT PART
MERISTEMATIC AND DIFFERENTIATING TISSUES
CALCIUM HELPS IN-
SYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL, PARTICULARLY AS CALCIUM PECTATE IN THE MIDDLE LAMELLAE
FORMATION OF MITOTIC SPINDLE
NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF THE CELL MEMBRANES
ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING THE METABOLIC ACITIVITIES
POTSSIUM IS ACCUMULATED IN OLDER OR YOUNGER LEAVES
OLDER LEAVES
MAGNESIUM IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Mg+2
FUNCTION OF MAGNESIUM
ACTIVATES ENZYMES OF RESPIRATION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS
INVOLVED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF DNA AND RNA
MAGNESIUM IS A CONSTITUENT OF THE ——— STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPHYLL AND HELPS TO MAINTAIN THE STRUCTURE OF ———
RING STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPHYLL
RIBOSOME
SULPHUR IS TAKEN IN THE FORM OF
SO4-2
WHICH TWO AMINO ACIDS HAVE SULPHUR PRESENT IN THEM
CYSTEINE AND METHIONINE
WHICH ELEMENT IS THE CONSTITUENT OF FERREDOXIN, COENZYMES AND VITAMINS LIKE THIAMINE, BIOTIN AND COENZYME A
SULPHUR
IRON IS OBTAINED BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Fe+3 IONS
WHICH ELEMENT IS REQUIRED IN LARGER AMOUNTS IN COMPARISON TO OTHER MICRONUTRIENTS
IRON
———- IS AN IMPORTANT CONSTITUENT OF PROTEINS
IRON
———- IS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS LIKE FERREDOXIN AND CYTOCHROMES
IRON
Fe+2 IS REVERSIBLY OXIDISED TO ——– DURING ELECTRON TRANSFER
Fe+3
FUNCTION OF IRON IN PLANTS
IT ACTIVATES THE ENZYME CATALASE AND IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE FORMATION OF CHLOROPHYLL
WHICH ELEMENT ACTIVATES THE CATALASE ENZYME AND IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE FORMATIOM
MANGANESE IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Mn+2
FUNCTION OF MANGANESE
ACTIVATES MANY ENZYMES INVOLVED IN RESPIRATION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND NITROGEN METABOLISM
THE BEST DEFINED FUNCTION OF MANGANESE IS
SPLITTING UP OF THE WATER TO LIBERATE OXYGEN DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ZINC IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Zn+2
WHICH ENZYME IS SPECIFICALLY ACTIVATED BY ZINC?
CARBOXYLASE
———– ELEMENT IS REQUIRED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF AUXIN
ZINC
COPPER IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Cu+2
————- ELEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR THE OVERALL METABOLISM IN THE PLANTS
COPPER
Cu+ IS REVERSIBLY OXIDISED TO ——–
Cu+2
COPPER IS INVOLVED WITH CERTAIN ENZYMES INVOLVED IN REDOX REACTIONS. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
BORON IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
BO3-3 OR B4O7-2
WHICH ELEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR THE UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF Ca+2
BORON
FUNCTIONS OF BORON
UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF Ca+2 MEMBRANE FUNCTIONING POLLEN GERMINATION CELL ELONGATION CELL DIFFERENTIATION CARBOHYDRATE TRANSLOCATION
MOLYBDENUM IN PLANTS IS TAKEN UP IN THE FORM OF
MoO2+2
WHICH ELEMENT IS A COMPONENT OF NITROGENASE AND NITRATE REDUCTASE ENZYME?
MOLYBDENUM
WHICH ENZYME HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NITROGEN METABOLISM?
MOLYBDENUM
CHLORINE IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Cl-
——— ELEMENT HELPS IN DETERMINING THE SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
CHLORINE
WHICH ELEMENT ALSO HELPS IN DETERMINATION OF ANION-CATION BALANCE ALONG WITH Na+, K+?
CHLORINE
WHICH ENZYME ALONG WITH MANGANESE HELPS IN A WATER SPLITTING REACTION?
CHLORINE
THE CONCENTRATION OF THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENT BELOW WHICH PLANT GROWTH IS RETARDED IS KNOWN AS
CRITICAL CONCENTRATION
THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES WHICH ARE AN INDICATIVE OF CERTAIN ELEMENT DEFICIENCIES ARE CALLED ——-
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
THE PARTS OF PLANT WHICH SHOW DEFICIENCY DEPENDS ON WHICH FACTOR
NUTRIENT MOBILITY
WHENEVER THE ELEMENTS ARE ACTIVELY MOBILISED TO THE YOUNG AND DEVELOPING TISSUES, THE DEFICIENCY FIRST APPEARS IN
OLDER TISSUES
DEFICIENCY OF WHICH ELEMENTS APPEAR IN THE SENESCENT LEAVES
N, K, Mg
WHENEVER THE ELEMENTS ARE RELATIVELY IMMOBILE, THE DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS APPEAR IN
YOUNGER TISSUES
WHICH ELEMENT TENDS TO BE RELATIVELY IMMOBILE DUE TO ITS PRESENCE IN THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF THE CELL
CALCIUM
CHLOROSIS IS THE LOSS OF ——–
CHLOROPHYLL
CHLOROSIS OCCURS DUE TO THE DEFICIENCY OF
N, K, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo
NECROSIS IS KNOWN AS ——-
THE DEATH OF THE TISSUE
PARTICULARLY THE LEAF TISSUE
NECROSIS IS DUE TO THE DEFICIENCY OF THE ELEMENTS
Ca, Mg, Cu, K
INHIBITION OF CELL DIVISION IS DUE TO THE DEFICIENCY OF THE ELEMENTS
N, K, S, Mo
DELAY IN FLOWERING IS SHOWN DUE TO THE DEFICIENCY OF THE ELEMENTS
N, S, Mo
A MODERATE INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF THE ELEMENTS PRESENT IN THE PLANT BODY CAUSES
TOXICITY
WHICH MINERAL IS CONSIDERED AS TOXIC TO THE PLANT?
THE MINERAL WHOSE CONCENTRATION REDUCES THE DRY WEIGHT OF THE TISSUES BY ABOUT 10%
THE DEFICIENCY OF MANGANESE IS CHARACTERISED BY THE APPEARENCE OF
DARK BROWN SPOTS SURROUNDED BY CHLOROTIC VEINS
MANGANESE COMPETES WITH WHICH TWO ELEMENTS
IRON AND MAGNESIUM
Mn COMPETES WITH ———- AND ———– FOR THE UPTAKE
Mg AND Fe
Mn COMPETES WITH ———— FOR BINDING OF THE ENZYMES
Mg
WHICH ELEMENT INHIBITS THE TRANSLOCATION OF Ca IN SHOOT APEX
Mn
EXCESS OF Mn PRODUCES THE DEFICIENCIES OF WHICH THREE ELEMENTS
Fe, Mg, Ca
THE PROCESS OF ABSORPTION OCCURS IN TWO PHASES. WHAT ARE THE TWO PHASES?
APOPLAST
SYMPLAST
APOPLAST -
AN INITIAL RAPID UPTAKE OF IONS INTO THE FREE OR OUTER SPACE OF THE CELLS
APOPLAST IS PASSIVE OR ACTIVE PROCESS
PASSIVE PROCESS
SYMPLAST IS
THE UPTAKE OF THE IONS INTO THE INNER SPACE IS CALLED AS SYMPLAST
SYMPLAST IS AN ACTIVE OR PASSIVE PROCESS
ACTIVE PROCESS
PASSIVE MOVEMENT OF IONS INTO THE APOPLAST OCCURS THROUGH
THROUGH ION-CHANNELS, TRANS-MEMBRANE THAT FUNCTIONS AS SELECTIVE PORES
THE MOVEMENT OF IONS IS CALLED AS ——
FLUX
INWARD MOVEMENT - INFLUX
OUTWARD MOVEMENT - EFFLUX
MINERAL SALTS ALOBG WITH A STREAM OF WATER ARE TRANSLOCATED THROUGH ——-
XYLEM
WATER AND MINERAL SALTS ARE TRANSLOCATED THROUGH
XYLEM
WHY THE NUTRITION OBTAINED FROM THE ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN REGARDED AS MINERAL NUTRITION?
IT IS BECAUSE THE ELEMENTS ARE OBTAINED FROM THE ROCK MINERAL
THE COMPONENTS OF THE FERTILISERS ARE
BOTH MACRONUTRIENTS AND MICRONUTRIENTS
SOIL HARBOURS WHICH TYPE OF BACTERIA
NITROGEN - FIXING BACTERIA
WHICH ELEMENT IS A LIMITING NUTRIENT FOR BOTH NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM?
NITROGEN
THE PROCESS OF CONVERSION OF NITROGEN TO AMMONIA IS CALLED AS
NITROGEN - FIXATION
HOW IS NITROGEN CONVERTED INTO OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN THE NATURE?
LIGHTNING AND UV RADIATIONS PROVIDE ENOUGH ENERGY FOR THIS CONVERSION
MAN MADE SOURCES OF NITROGEN OXIDES
INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTIONS
FOREST FIRES
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUSTS
POWER STATIONS
DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC NITROGEN OF DEAD PLANTS AND ANIMALS INTO AMMONIA
AMMONIFICATION
MOST OF THE AMMONIA GETS CONVERTED INTO ———-
NITRATES
AMMONIA IS FIRST OXIDISED TO NITRITES BY THE BACTERIA ——-
NITROSOMONAS OR NITROCOCCUS
THE NITRITE IS FURTHER OXIDISED TO NITRATE WITH THE HELP OF WHICH BACTERIA
NITROBACTER
CONVERSION OF AMMONIA INTO NITRATE IS CALLED
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION IS CARRIED OUT BY WHICH BACTERIA
CHEMOAUTOTROPHS
IN THE LEAVES THE NITRATES FORMED IS REDUCED TO
AMMONIA THAT FINALLY FORMS AMINE GROUP OF AMINO ACIDS
NITRATE PRESENT IN THE SOIL IS REDUCED TO NITROGEN BY THE PROCESS
DENITRIFICATION
THE PROCESS OF DENITRIFICATION IS CARRIED OUT BY WHICH BACTERIA
PSEUDOMONAS AND THIOBACILLUS
VERY FEW LIVING ORGANISMS CAN UTILISE THE N2 AVAILABLE ABUNDANTLY IN THE AIR. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
CERTAIN ——— SPECIES ARE CAPABLE OF FIXING NITROGEN
PROKARYOTIC
REDUCTION OF NITROGEN TO AMMONIA BY LIVING ORGANISMS IS CALLED
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION
WHICH IS THE ENZYME PRESENT IN THE PROKARYOTES AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE NITROGEN REDUCTION
NITROGENASE ENZYME
FREE LIVING NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA ARE
AZOTOBACTER AND BEIJERNICKIA
FREE LIVING ANAEROBIC BACTERIA IS
RHODOSPIRILLIUM
BACILLUS IS FREE LIVING AEROBIC BACTERIA. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
THE FREE LIVING NITROGEN-FIXING CYANOBACTERIA ARE
ANABENA AND NOSTOC
RHIZOBIUM IS FREE LIVING OR SYMBIOTIC
SYMBIOTIC
RHZOBIUM FORMS ASSOCIATIONS WITH WHICH ALL LEGUMES
ALFALFA, SWEET CLOVER, SWEET PEA, LENTILS, GARDEN PEA, BROAD BEAN, CLOVER BEANS
THE MOST COMMON ASSOCIATION IN THE FORM OF
ROOT NODULES
WHAT ARE ROOT NODULES?
SMALL OUTGROWTHS ON THE ROOTS
FRANKIA PRODUCES THE NODULES ON THE ROOTS OF LEGUMINOUS OR NON-LEGUMINOUS PLANTS
NON-LEGUMINOUS PLANTS SUCH AS ALNUS
RHIZOBIUM AND FRANKIA ARE ———- IN SOIL AND FORMS ——— ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE ROOTS
FREE-LIVING
SYMBIOTIC
WHAT MAKES THE NODULES PINK IN COLOUR?
IT IS DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF LEG-HAEMOGLOBIN OR LEGUMINOUS HAEMOGLOBIN
NODULE FORMATION IS A RESULT OF MULTIPLE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ROOTS OF HOST PLANTS AND RHIZOBIUM. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
RHIZOBIUM GETS ATTACHED TO THE ——- AND ——– CELLS OF THE ROOTS OF THE PLANTS
EPIDERMAL AND ROOT HAIR
THE INFECTION THREAD PRODUCED BY THE BACTERIA REACHES UP TO ——–
CORTEX OF THE ROOT PLANT
WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS PRESENT IN THE NODULE
LEGHAEMOGLOBIN AND ENZYME NITROGENASE
NITROGENASE ENZYME IS A ———– PROTEIN WHICH CATALYSES THE CONVERSION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN TO AMMONIA
Mo-Fe PROTEIN
FIRST STABLE PRODUCT OF NITROGEN FIXATION BY RHIZOBIUM IS
AMMONIA
NITROGENASE ENZYME IS HIGHLY SENSITIVE TO ——-
OXYGEN
OXYGEN SCAVENGER IS
LEG-HAEMOGLOBIN
THE MICROBES LIVE UNDER ——— CONDITIONS WHEN THEY ARE FREE LIVING BUT BECOME ———— WHEN THEY FORM SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
FOR EACH MOLECULE OF NH3 HOW MANY MOLECULES OF ATP ARE REQUIRED?
8 ATP
THE ENERGY REQUIRED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA IS OBTAINED FROM
THE RESPIRATION PROCESS OF PLANTS
AMMONIUM IONS ARE TOXIC FOR THE PLANTS TO ASSIMILATE THEM. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
IN HOW MANY WAYS AMMONIUM IONS ARE USED TO SYNTHESISE AMINO ACIDS IN THE PLANTS
2 WAYS
REDUCTIVE AMINATION
TRANSAMINATION
WHAT HAPPENS IN REDUCTIVE AMINATION?
AMMONIUM ION REACTS WITH ALPHA - KETOGLUTARIC ACID AND FORMS GLUTAMIC ACID
WHICH ENZYME IS USED FOR THE CONVERSION OF REDUCTIVE AMINATION?
GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE
WHAT HAPPENS IN TRANSAMINATION?
TRANSFER OF AMINO GROUP FROM ONE AMINO ACID TO THE KETO GROUP OF A KETO ACID
WHICH ENZYME CATALYSES THE TRANSAMINATION PROCESS?
TRANSAMINASE
WHICH IS THE MAIN AMINO ACID FROM WHICH THE TRANSFER OF AMINO GROUP TAKES PLACE?
GLUTAMIC ACID
WHICH ARE THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT AMIDES FOUND IN THE STRUCTURAL PART OF PROTEINS?
ASPARGINE AND GLUTAMINE
ASPARGINE AND GLUTAMINE IS FORMED BY THE PROCESS OF TRANSAMINATION. THESE TWO AMIDES ARE FORMED FROM WHICH AMINO ACIDS?
ASPARTIC ACID AND GLUTAMIC ACID RESPECTIVELY BY THE ADDITION OF ANOTHER AMINO GROUP TO EACH
WHICH PLANT’S ROOT NODULES EXPORT THE FIXED NITROGEN AS UREIDS?
SOYABEAN
AMIDES CONTAIN MORE NITROGEN THAN AMINO ACIDS. HENCE THEY ARE TRANSPORTED THROUGH XYLEM.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
AMMONIA PRODUCED BY THE NITROGEN FIXATION IS INCORPORATED INTO AMINO ACIDS AS THE AMINO GROUP.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
