MINERAL NUTRITION Flashcards
1
Q
JULIUS VON SACHS WAS A ————
A
GERMAN BOTANIST
2
Q
JULIUS VON SACHS IS WELL KNOWN FOR
A
DEMONSTRATION OF PLANTS GROWING TO MATURITY IN A DEFINED NUTRIENT SOLUTION EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF SOIL
3
Q
THE TECHNIQUE OF GROWING PLANTS IN THE ABSENCE OF SOIL IN A WELL DEFINED NUTRIENT MEDIUM IS CALLED
A
HYDROPONICS
4
Q
WHO DISCOVERED HYDROPONICS AND IN WHICH YEAR?
A
JULIUS VON SACHS
1860
5
Q
HYDROPONICS HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY EMPLOYED FOR THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLES SUCH AS ———
A
TOMATO
SEEDLESS CUCUMBER
LETTUCE
6
Q
HOW MANY ELEMENTS ARE FOUND IN PLANTS?
A
MORE THAN 60 OF THE 105 DISCOVERED
7
Q
PLANTS GROWIN NEAR THE RADIOACTIVE SITES TAKE UP ———-
A
RADIOACTIVE STRONTIUM
8
Q
WHAT IS THE CRITERIA FOR AN ELEMENT TO BECOME AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT?
A
- ELEMENT MUST BE ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY
- REQUIREMENT OF THE ELEMENT MUST BE SPECIFIC AND NOT REPLACEABLE BY OTHER ELEMENT
- ELEMENT MUST BE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM OF THE PLANT
9
Q
ELEMENTS BASED ON THEIR QUANTITATIVE REQUIREMENT ARE CLASSIFIED INTO HOW MANY TYPES
A
2 TYPES
MICRONUTRIENTS
MACRONUTRIENTS
10
Q
MICRONUTRIENTS ARE
A
THOSE ELEMENTS THAT ARE REQUIRED IN VERY SMALL AMOUNTS (LESS THAN 10 mmole/kg) THESE INCLUDES IRON MANGANESE COPPER MOLYBDENUM ZINC BORON CHLORIDE NICKEL
11
Q
MACRONUTRIENTS ARE
A
PRESENT IN THE PLANT TISSUES AND ARE REQUIRED IN LARGE AMOUNTS (more than 10 mmole/kg OF DRY MATTER) THESE INCLUDE CARBON MAGNESIUM HYDROGEN OXYGEN NITROGEN PHOSPHOROUS POTASSIUM CALCIUM
12
Q
WHAT ARE THE BENEFICIAL ELEMENTS REQUIRED BY THE PLANT
A
SELENIUM SODIUM SILICON COBALT THEY ARE REQUIRED BY THE HIGHER PLANTS
13
Q
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS CAN BE GROUPED INTO HOW MANY CATEGORIES?
A
IT CAN BE GROUPED INTO 4 COMPONENTS OF BIOMOLECULES COMPONENTS OF ENERGY RELATED COMPOUNDS ACTIVATE OR INHIBIT ENZYMES ALTERING THE OSMOTIC POTENTIAL
14
Q
WHICH ELEMENTS ARE THE COMPONENTS OF BIOMOLECULES?
A
THEY ARE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE CELL
C, H, O, N
15
Q
WHICH ELEMENTS ARE PRESENT IN THE ENERGY RELATED COMPOUNDS?
A
Mg IN CHLOROPHYLL
P IN ATP
16
Q
GIVE EXAMPLES WHEN THE ELEMENTS HAVE PARTICIPATED IN ACTIVATING OR INHIBITING THE FUNCTION OF AN ENZYME.
A
Mg+2 IS AN ACTIVATOR FOR BOTH RuBisCO AND PEPcase
Zn+2 IS AN ACTIVATOR OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
Mo IS AN ACTIVATOR OF NITROGENASE DURING NITROGEN METABOLISM
17
Q
WHICH ELEMENT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MAINTAINING THE OSMOTIC POTENTIAL?
A
POTASSIUM PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN OPENING AND CLOSING OF STOMATA
18
Q
WHICH ELEMENT IS REQUIRED BY THE PLANTS IN GREATEST AMOUNT?
A
NITROGEN
19
Q
NITROGEN IS MAINLY TAKEN IN THE FORM OF:-
A
NO3-
BUT SOME PLANTS TAKE IT UP AS NH4+ OR NO2-
20
Q
WHICH PART OF THE PLANT REQUIRES NITROGEN THE MOST?
A
THE MERISTEMATIC TISSUES AND METABOLICALLY ACTIVE CELLS
21
Q
NITROGEN IS THE MAJOR CONSTITUENT OF ——-
A
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
VITAMINS AND HHORMONES
22
Q
PHOSPHOROUS IS ABSORBED BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
A
H2PO4- OR HPO4-2
23
Q
REQUIREMENT OF PHOSPHOROUS
A
REQUIRED IN THE PHOSPHORYLATION REACTIONS
24
Q
PHOSPHORUS IS AN IMPORTANT CONSTITUENT OF
A
CELL MEMBRANE
CERTAIN PROTEINS
ALL NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDES
25
POTASSIUM IS ABSORBED BY THE PLANT IN THE FORM OF
K+ IONS
26
POTASSIUM IS ABUNDANTLY REQUIRED BY WHICH PARTS OF THE PLANTS?
REQUIRED BY THE MERISTEMATIC TISSUES, BUDS AND LEAVES
27
FUNCTION OF POTASSIUM?
```
ANION-CATION BALANCE IN THE CELLS
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
OPENING AND CLOSING OF THE STOMATA
ACTIVATION OF THE ENZYMES
MAINTENANCE OF THE TURGIDITY OF THE CELLS
```
28
CALCIUM IS ABSORBED BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Ca+2
29
CALCIUM IS REQUIRED BY WHICH PLANT PART
MERISTEMATIC AND DIFFERENTIATING TISSUES
30
CALCIUM HELPS IN-
SYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL, PARTICULARLY AS CALCIUM PECTATE IN THE MIDDLE LAMELLAE
FORMATION OF MITOTIC SPINDLE
NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF THE CELL MEMBRANES
ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING THE METABOLIC ACITIVITIES
31
POTSSIUM IS ACCUMULATED IN OLDER OR YOUNGER LEAVES
OLDER LEAVES
32
MAGNESIUM IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Mg+2
33
FUNCTION OF MAGNESIUM
ACTIVATES ENZYMES OF RESPIRATION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS
| INVOLVED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF DNA AND RNA
34
MAGNESIUM IS A CONSTITUENT OF THE --------- STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPHYLL AND HELPS TO MAINTAIN THE STRUCTURE OF ---------
RING STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPHYLL
| RIBOSOME
35
SULPHUR IS TAKEN IN THE FORM OF
SO4-2
36
WHICH TWO AMINO ACIDS HAVE SULPHUR PRESENT IN THEM
CYSTEINE AND METHIONINE
37
WHICH ELEMENT IS THE CONSTITUENT OF FERREDOXIN, COENZYMES AND VITAMINS LIKE THIAMINE, BIOTIN AND COENZYME A
SULPHUR
38
IRON IS OBTAINED BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Fe+3 IONS
39
WHICH ELEMENT IS REQUIRED IN LARGER AMOUNTS IN COMPARISON TO OTHER MICRONUTRIENTS
IRON
40
---------- IS AN IMPORTANT CONSTITUENT OF PROTEINS
IRON
41
---------- IS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS LIKE FERREDOXIN AND CYTOCHROMES
IRON
42
Fe+2 IS REVERSIBLY OXIDISED TO -------- DURING ELECTRON TRANSFER
Fe+3
43
FUNCTION OF IRON IN PLANTS
IT ACTIVATES THE ENZYME CATALASE AND IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE FORMATION OF CHLOROPHYLL
43
WHICH ELEMENT ACTIVATES THE CATALASE ENZYME AND IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE FORMATIOM
44
MANGANESE IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Mn+2
45
FUNCTION OF MANGANESE
ACTIVATES MANY ENZYMES INVOLVED IN RESPIRATION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND NITROGEN METABOLISM
46
THE BEST DEFINED FUNCTION OF MANGANESE IS
SPLITTING UP OF THE WATER TO LIBERATE OXYGEN DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
47
ZINC IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Zn+2
48
WHICH ENZYME IS SPECIFICALLY ACTIVATED BY ZINC?
CARBOXYLASE
49
----------- ELEMENT IS REQUIRED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF AUXIN
ZINC
50
COPPER IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Cu+2
51
------------- ELEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR THE OVERALL METABOLISM IN THE PLANTS
COPPER
52
Cu+ IS REVERSIBLY OXIDISED TO --------
Cu+2
53
COPPER IS INVOLVED WITH CERTAIN ENZYMES INVOLVED IN REDOX REACTIONS. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
54
BORON IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
BO3-3 OR B4O7-2
55
WHICH ELEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR THE UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF Ca+2
BORON
56
FUNCTIONS OF BORON
```
UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF Ca+2
MEMBRANE FUNCTIONING
POLLEN GERMINATION
CELL ELONGATION
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
CARBOHYDRATE TRANSLOCATION
```
57
MOLYBDENUM IN PLANTS IS TAKEN UP IN THE FORM OF
MoO2+2
58
WHICH ELEMENT IS A COMPONENT OF NITROGENASE AND NITRATE REDUCTASE ENZYME?
MOLYBDENUM
59
WHICH ENZYME HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NITROGEN METABOLISM?
MOLYBDENUM
60
CHLORINE IS TAKEN UP BY THE PLANTS IN THE FORM OF
Cl-
61
--------- ELEMENT HELPS IN DETERMINING THE SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
CHLORINE
62
WHICH ELEMENT ALSO HELPS IN DETERMINATION OF ANION-CATION BALANCE ALONG WITH Na+, K+?
CHLORINE
63
WHICH ENZYME ALONG WITH MANGANESE HELPS IN A WATER SPLITTING REACTION?
CHLORINE
64
THE CONCENTRATION OF THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENT BELOW WHICH PLANT GROWTH IS RETARDED IS KNOWN AS
CRITICAL CONCENTRATION
65
THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES WHICH ARE AN INDICATIVE OF CERTAIN ELEMENT DEFICIENCIES ARE CALLED -------
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
66
THE PARTS OF PLANT WHICH SHOW DEFICIENCY DEPENDS ON WHICH FACTOR
NUTRIENT MOBILITY
67
WHENEVER THE ELEMENTS ARE ACTIVELY MOBILISED TO THE YOUNG AND DEVELOPING TISSUES, THE DEFICIENCY FIRST APPEARS IN
OLDER TISSUES
68
DEFICIENCY OF WHICH ELEMENTS APPEAR IN THE SENESCENT LEAVES
N, K, Mg
69
WHENEVER THE ELEMENTS ARE RELATIVELY IMMOBILE, THE DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS APPEAR IN
YOUNGER TISSUES
70
WHICH ELEMENT TENDS TO BE RELATIVELY IMMOBILE DUE TO ITS PRESENCE IN THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF THE CELL
CALCIUM
71
CHLOROSIS IS THE LOSS OF --------
CHLOROPHYLL
72
CHLOROSIS OCCURS DUE TO THE DEFICIENCY OF
N, K, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo
73
NECROSIS IS KNOWN AS -------
THE DEATH OF THE TISSUE
| PARTICULARLY THE LEAF TISSUE
74
NECROSIS IS DUE TO THE DEFICIENCY OF THE ELEMENTS
Ca, Mg, Cu, K
75
INHIBITION OF CELL DIVISION IS DUE TO THE DEFICIENCY OF THE ELEMENTS
N, K, S, Mo
76
DELAY IN FLOWERING IS SHOWN DUE TO THE DEFICIENCY OF THE ELEMENTS
N, S, Mo
77
A MODERATE INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF THE ELEMENTS PRESENT IN THE PLANT BODY CAUSES
TOXICITY
78
WHICH MINERAL IS CONSIDERED AS TOXIC TO THE PLANT?
THE MINERAL WHOSE CONCENTRATION REDUCES THE DRY WEIGHT OF THE TISSUES BY ABOUT 10%
79
THE DEFICIENCY OF MANGANESE IS CHARACTERISED BY THE APPEARENCE OF
DARK BROWN SPOTS SURROUNDED BY CHLOROTIC VEINS
80
MANGANESE COMPETES WITH WHICH TWO ELEMENTS
IRON AND MAGNESIUM
81
Mn COMPETES WITH ---------- AND ----------- FOR THE UPTAKE
Mg AND Fe
82
Mn COMPETES WITH ------------ FOR BINDING OF THE ENZYMES
Mg
83
WHICH ELEMENT INHIBITS THE TRANSLOCATION OF Ca IN SHOOT APEX
Mn
84
EXCESS OF Mn PRODUCES THE DEFICIENCIES OF WHICH THREE ELEMENTS
Fe, Mg, Ca
85
THE PROCESS OF ABSORPTION OCCURS IN TWO PHASES. WHAT ARE THE TWO PHASES?
APOPLAST
| SYMPLAST
86
APOPLAST -
AN INITIAL RAPID UPTAKE OF IONS INTO THE FREE OR OUTER SPACE OF THE CELLS
87
APOPLAST IS PASSIVE OR ACTIVE PROCESS
PASSIVE PROCESS
88
SYMPLAST IS
THE UPTAKE OF THE IONS INTO THE INNER SPACE IS CALLED AS SYMPLAST
89
SYMPLAST IS AN ACTIVE OR PASSIVE PROCESS
ACTIVE PROCESS
90
PASSIVE MOVEMENT OF IONS INTO THE APOPLAST OCCURS THROUGH
THROUGH ION-CHANNELS, TRANS-MEMBRANE THAT FUNCTIONS AS SELECTIVE PORES
91
THE MOVEMENT OF IONS IS CALLED AS ------
FLUX
INWARD MOVEMENT - INFLUX
OUTWARD MOVEMENT - EFFLUX
92
MINERAL SALTS ALOBG WITH A STREAM OF WATER ARE TRANSLOCATED THROUGH -------
XYLEM
93
WATER AND MINERAL SALTS ARE TRANSLOCATED THROUGH
XYLEM
94
WHY THE NUTRITION OBTAINED FROM THE ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN REGARDED AS MINERAL NUTRITION?
IT IS BECAUSE THE ELEMENTS ARE OBTAINED FROM THE ROCK MINERAL
95
THE COMPONENTS OF THE FERTILISERS ARE
BOTH MACRONUTRIENTS AND MICRONUTRIENTS
96
SOIL HARBOURS WHICH TYPE OF BACTERIA
NITROGEN - FIXING BACTERIA
97
WHICH ELEMENT IS A LIMITING NUTRIENT FOR BOTH NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM?
NITROGEN
98
THE PROCESS OF CONVERSION OF NITROGEN TO AMMONIA IS CALLED AS
NITROGEN - FIXATION
99
HOW IS NITROGEN CONVERTED INTO OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN THE NATURE?
LIGHTNING AND UV RADIATIONS PROVIDE ENOUGH ENERGY FOR THIS CONVERSION
100
MAN MADE SOURCES OF NITROGEN OXIDES
INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTIONS
FOREST FIRES
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUSTS
POWER STATIONS
101
DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC NITROGEN OF DEAD PLANTS AND ANIMALS INTO AMMONIA
AMMONIFICATION
102
MOST OF THE AMMONIA GETS CONVERTED INTO ----------
NITRATES
103
AMMONIA IS FIRST OXIDISED TO NITRITES BY THE BACTERIA -------
NITROSOMONAS OR NITROCOCCUS
104
THE NITRITE IS FURTHER OXIDISED TO NITRATE WITH THE HELP OF WHICH BACTERIA
NITROBACTER
105
CONVERSION OF AMMONIA INTO NITRATE IS CALLED
NITRIFICATION
106
NITRIFICATION IS CARRIED OUT BY WHICH BACTERIA
CHEMOAUTOTROPHS
107
IN THE LEAVES THE NITRATES FORMED IS REDUCED TO
AMMONIA THAT FINALLY FORMS AMINE GROUP OF AMINO ACIDS
108
NITRATE PRESENT IN THE SOIL IS REDUCED TO NITROGEN BY THE PROCESS
DENITRIFICATION
109
THE PROCESS OF DENITRIFICATION IS CARRIED OUT BY WHICH BACTERIA
PSEUDOMONAS AND THIOBACILLUS
110
VERY FEW LIVING ORGANISMS CAN UTILISE THE N2 AVAILABLE ABUNDANTLY IN THE AIR. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
111
CERTAIN --------- SPECIES ARE CAPABLE OF FIXING NITROGEN
PROKARYOTIC
112
REDUCTION OF NITROGEN TO AMMONIA BY LIVING ORGANISMS IS CALLED
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION
113
WHICH IS THE ENZYME PRESENT IN THE PROKARYOTES AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE NITROGEN REDUCTION
NITROGENASE ENZYME
114
FREE LIVING NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA ARE
AZOTOBACTER AND BEIJERNICKIA
115
FREE LIVING ANAEROBIC BACTERIA IS
RHODOSPIRILLIUM
116
BACILLUS IS FREE LIVING AEROBIC BACTERIA. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
117
THE FREE LIVING NITROGEN-FIXING CYANOBACTERIA ARE
ANABENA AND NOSTOC
118
RHIZOBIUM IS FREE LIVING OR SYMBIOTIC
SYMBIOTIC
119
RHZOBIUM FORMS ASSOCIATIONS WITH WHICH ALL LEGUMES
ALFALFA, SWEET CLOVER, SWEET PEA, LENTILS, GARDEN PEA, BROAD BEAN, CLOVER BEANS
120
THE MOST COMMON ASSOCIATION IN THE FORM OF
ROOT NODULES
121
WHAT ARE ROOT NODULES?
SMALL OUTGROWTHS ON THE ROOTS
122
FRANKIA PRODUCES THE NODULES ON THE ROOTS OF LEGUMINOUS OR NON-LEGUMINOUS PLANTS
NON-LEGUMINOUS PLANTS SUCH AS ALNUS
123
RHIZOBIUM AND FRANKIA ARE ---------- IN SOIL AND FORMS --------- ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE ROOTS
FREE-LIVING
| SYMBIOTIC
124
WHAT MAKES THE NODULES PINK IN COLOUR?
IT IS DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF LEG-HAEMOGLOBIN OR LEGUMINOUS HAEMOGLOBIN
125
NODULE FORMATION IS A RESULT OF MULTIPLE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ROOTS OF HOST PLANTS AND RHIZOBIUM. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
126
RHIZOBIUM GETS ATTACHED TO THE ------- AND -------- CELLS OF THE ROOTS OF THE PLANTS
EPIDERMAL AND ROOT HAIR
127
THE INFECTION THREAD PRODUCED BY THE BACTERIA REACHES UP TO --------
CORTEX OF THE ROOT PLANT
128
WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS PRESENT IN THE NODULE
LEGHAEMOGLOBIN AND ENZYME NITROGENASE
129
NITROGENASE ENZYME IS A ----------- PROTEIN WHICH CATALYSES THE CONVERSION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN TO AMMONIA
Mo-Fe PROTEIN
130
FIRST STABLE PRODUCT OF NITROGEN FIXATION BY RHIZOBIUM IS
AMMONIA
131
NITROGENASE ENZYME IS HIGHLY SENSITIVE TO -------
OXYGEN
132
OXYGEN SCAVENGER IS
LEG-HAEMOGLOBIN
133
THE MICROBES LIVE UNDER --------- CONDITIONS WHEN THEY ARE FREE LIVING BUT BECOME ------------ WHEN THEY FORM SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS
AEROBIC
| ANAEROBIC
134
FOR EACH MOLECULE OF NH3 HOW MANY MOLECULES OF ATP ARE REQUIRED?
8 ATP
135
THE ENERGY REQUIRED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA IS OBTAINED FROM
THE RESPIRATION PROCESS OF PLANTS
136
AMMONIUM IONS ARE TOXIC FOR THE PLANTS TO ASSIMILATE THEM. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
137
IN HOW MANY WAYS AMMONIUM IONS ARE USED TO SYNTHESISE AMINO ACIDS IN THE PLANTS
2 WAYS
REDUCTIVE AMINATION
TRANSAMINATION
138
WHAT HAPPENS IN REDUCTIVE AMINATION?
AMMONIUM ION REACTS WITH ALPHA - KETOGLUTARIC ACID AND FORMS GLUTAMIC ACID
139
WHICH ENZYME IS USED FOR THE CONVERSION OF REDUCTIVE AMINATION?
GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE
140
WHAT HAPPENS IN TRANSAMINATION?
TRANSFER OF AMINO GROUP FROM ONE AMINO ACID TO THE KETO GROUP OF A KETO ACID
141
WHICH ENZYME CATALYSES THE TRANSAMINATION PROCESS?
TRANSAMINASE
142
WHICH IS THE MAIN AMINO ACID FROM WHICH THE TRANSFER OF AMINO GROUP TAKES PLACE?
GLUTAMIC ACID
143
WHICH ARE THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT AMIDES FOUND IN THE STRUCTURAL PART OF PROTEINS?
ASPARGINE AND GLUTAMINE
144
ASPARGINE AND GLUTAMINE IS FORMED BY THE PROCESS OF TRANSAMINATION. THESE TWO AMIDES ARE FORMED FROM WHICH AMINO ACIDS?
ASPARTIC ACID AND GLUTAMIC ACID RESPECTIVELY BY THE ADDITION OF ANOTHER AMINO GROUP TO EACH
145
WHICH PLANT'S ROOT NODULES EXPORT THE FIXED NITROGEN AS UREIDS?
SOYABEAN
146
AMIDES CONTAIN MORE NITROGEN THAN AMINO ACIDS. HENCE THEY ARE TRANSPORTED THROUGH XYLEM.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
147
AMMONIA PRODUCED BY THE NITROGEN FIXATION IS INCORPORATED INTO AMINO ACIDS AS THE AMINO GROUP.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
