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BIOTECHNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

WHICH ORGANISATION GAVE THE DEFINITION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY WHICH ENCOMPASSED BOTH THE TRADITIONAL AND MODERN MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY?

A

EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (EFB)

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2
Q

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF BIOTECH GIVEN BY EFB?

A

THE INTEGRATION OF NATURAL SCIENCE AND ORGANISMS, CELLS, PARTS THEREOF AND MOLECULAR ANALOGUES FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

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3
Q

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF GENETIC ENGINEERING?

A

IT COMPRISES THE TECHNIQUES TO ALTER THE CHEMISTRY OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL TO INTRODUCE INTO THE HOST ORGANISMS AND THUS CHANGE THE PHENOTYPE OF THE HOST ORGANISM

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4
Q

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING?

A

IT INVOLVES THE MAINTENANCE OF A STERILE ENVIRONMENT AMBIENCE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROCESSES TO ENABLE THE GROWTH OF THE DESIRED MICROBES IN LARGE QUANTITIES FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF USEFUL SUBSTANCES LIKE ANTIBIOTICS, VACCINES, ENZYMES, ETC

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5
Q

BENEFIT OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OVER ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION PERMITS VARIATIONS WHILE ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION PRESERVES THE GENETIC INFORMATION.

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6
Q

THE TRADITIONAL HYBRIDISATION TECHNIQUES OFTEN LEADS TO INCLUSION OF AND MULTIPLICATION OF UNDESIRABLE GENES ALONG WITH THE DESIRED ONE. TURE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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7
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE TECHNIQUES USED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING?

A

RECOMBINANT DNA
GENE CLONING
GENE TRANSFER

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8
Q

WHICH SEQUENCE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INITIATING THE DNA REPLICATION?

A

ORI SEQUENCE KNOWN AS ORIGIN OF REPLICATION

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9
Q

WHAT IS CLONING?

A

IT REFERS TO INTEGRATING DNA WITH THE PLASMID AND LETTING IT MULTIPLY IN THE HOST CELL TO MAKE MULTIPLE COPIES OF THE RECOMBINANT DNA

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10
Q

WHAT IS PLASMID?

A

AUTONOMOUSLY REPLICATING CIRCULAR EXTRA CHROMOSOMAL DNA

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11
Q

THE CONSTRUCTION OF FIRST RECOMBINANT DNA EMERGED DUE TO THE

A

POSSIBILITY OF LINKING A GENE ENCODING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE WITH A NATIVE PLASMID OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM

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12
Q

WHO MADE THE FIRST RECOMBINANT DNA?

A

STANLEY COHEN AND HERBERT BOYER IN THE YEAR 1972

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13
Q

CUTTING OF DNA AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS BECAME POSSIBLE DUE TO THE DISCOVERY OF

A

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

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14
Q

PLASMID DNA ACTS AS ——–

A

VECTORS

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15
Q

RESTRICTION ENZYMES ARE ALSO KNOWN AS ——-

A

MOLECULAR SCISSORS

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16
Q

THE LINKING OF THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENE BECAME POSSIBLE DUE TO ————– ENZYME

A

DNA LIGASE

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17
Q

WHICH BACTERIA IS CLOSELY RELATED TO SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM?

A

ESCHERICHIA COLI

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18
Q

THE THREE BASIC STEPS INVOLVED IN THE GENETIC ENGINEERING ARE

A
  • IDENTIFICATION OF THE DNA WITH THE DESIRABLE GENES
  • INTRODUCTION OF THE DNA INTO THE HOST
  • MAINTENANCE OF INTRODUCED DNA IN THE HOST AND TRANSFER OF THE DNA TO ITS PROGENY
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19
Q

IN WHICH YEAR TWO ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR RESTRICTING THE GROWTH OF BACTERIOPHAGE IN E COLI WERE ISOLATED?

A

1963

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20
Q

HOW E.COLI IS PROTECTED FROM THE RESTRICTION ENZYMES?

A

IT IS BECAUSE METHYL GROUP IS ADDED DUE TO WHICH THE RESTRICTION ENZYMES CANNOT RECOGNISE THE SEQUENCE, HENCE IT WILL NOT AFFECT THE BACTERIA BUT WILL DEFINITELY AFFECT IF ANY BACTERIOPHAGE INFECTS THE E.COLI

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21
Q

FIRST RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE

A

HIND II

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22
Q

HOW MANY BASE PAIRS SEQUENCE DOES HIND II CUTS?

A

6 BASE PAIRS

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23
Q

THE RECOGNITION SEQUENCE IS A PALINDROMIC SEQUENCE

A

TRUE

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24
Q

HOW MANY RESTRICTION ENZYMES ARE KNOWN TODAY? THEY ARE ISOLATED FROM HOW MANY STRAINS?

A

OVER 900 ENZYMES ARE KNOWN TO US AND THEY ARE ISOLATED FROM 230 STRAINS

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25
Q

EXPLAIN THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE ENZYMES.

A

EcoRI

  • FIRST LETTER - GENUS
  • SECOND TWO LETTERS - SPECIES OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL FROM WHICH THEY WERE ISOLATED
  • THE LETTER ‘R’ - STRAIN NAME
  • THE ROMAN NUMERAL - THE ORDER IN WHICH IT WAS DISCOVERED
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26
Q

EXONUCLEASE REMOVES THE NUCLEOTIDES FROM ——-

ENDONUCLEASE REMOVES THE NUCLEOTIDES FROM ——-

A

THE END

AT SPECIFIC POSITIONS WITHIN THE DNA

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27
Q

RESTRICTION ENZYMES ARE CALLED AS ——-

A

RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE - BECAUSE IT REMOVES THE NUCLEOTIDES AT SPECIFIC POSITIONS

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28
Q

WHY STICKY ENDS ARE FORMED?

A

IT IS BECAUSE STICKY ENDS FACILITATES THE BONDING BETWEEN BOTH OF THE STRANDS AND IT MAY ALSO NOT REQUIRE THE USE OF DNA LIGASE

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29
Q

HOW ARE STICKY ENDS FORMED?

A

THEY ARE FORMED WHEN THE RESTRICTION ENZYMES CUTS THE STRANDS OF DNA A LITTLE AWAY FROM THE CENTRE BUT BETWEEN THE TWO SAME BASES ON THE OPPOSITE STRANDS

30
Q

THE DNA FRAGMENTS SO FORMED CAN BE SEPERATED USING THE TECHNIQUE OF ———-

A

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

31
Q

THE DNA IS LOADED AT ——— SITE AND MOVES TOWARDS ———— BECAUSE DNA IS ———- CHARGED MOLECULE

A

CATHODE
ANODE
NEGATIVELY

32
Q

THE DNA IS LOADED AT ——— SITE AND MOVES TOWARDS ———— BECAUSE DNA IS

32
Q

THE DNA IS LOADED AT ——— SITE AND MOVES TOWARDS ———— BECAUSE DNA IS

33
Q

WHAT IS THE MATRIX MADE UP OF?

A

IT IS MADE UP OF AGAROSE WHICH IS A NATURAL POLYMER EXTRACTED FROM SEA WEEDS

34
Q

WHY DO THE DNA FRAGMENTS SEPARATE?

A

DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN FRAGMENT SIZE

35
Q

WHICH COMPOUND IS USED TO STAIN TO MAKE THE FRAGMENTS VISIBLE?

A

ETHIDIUM BROMIDE

36
Q

WHICH COLOURED BANDS ARE SEEN?

A

BRIGHT ORANGE

37
Q

THE SEPARATED BANDS OF DNA ARE CUT OUT FROM THE AGAROSE GEL AND EXTRACTED FROM THE GEL PIECE. THIS STEP IS KNOWN AS:-

38
Q

THE DNA MULTIPLIES ITS NUMBERS EQUAL TO ITS:-

A

COPY NUMBER

39
Q

WHAT CONTROLS THE COPY NUMBER?

A

ORI SEQUENCE - ORIGIN OF REPLICATION

40
Q

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SELECTABLE MARKER?

A

IT HELPS IN IDENTIFYING AND ELIMINATING THE TRANSFORMANTS AND SELECTIVELY PERMITTING THE GROWTH OF TRANSFORMANTS

41
Q

WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION?

A

IT IS A PROCEDURE THROUGH WHICH A PIECE OF DNA IS INTRODUCED IN THE HOST BACTERIUM

42
Q

THE NORMAL E.COLI CELLS CARRY ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT GENES. TRUE OR FALSE

43
Q

WHY SINGLE RECOGNITION SITES ARE PREFERRED?

A

IN ORDER TO NOT LET THE DNA GET FRAGMENTED

44
Q

HOW MANY RESTRICTION SITES ARE PRESENT IN pBR322?

45
Q

HOW MANY ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT SITES ARE PRESENT IN pBR322?

A

2 - AMPICILLIN AND TETRACYCLINE

46
Q

SOME ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT SITES -

A

AMPICILLIN
TETRACYCLINE
KANAMYCINE
CHLORAMPHENICOL

47
Q

WHAT IS REFERRED TO AS THE CLONING SITE?

A

THE SITE WHERE THE DNA IS INSERTED

48
Q

WHAT IS INSERTIONAL INACTIVATION?

A

THE INACTIVATION OF THE GENE BY THE INTRODUCTION OF AN ALIEN DNA (NEW GENE) INTO IT

49
Q

WHAT IS THE BEST METHOD FOR TRANSFERRING GENES INTO PLANTS AND ANIMALS RESPECTIVELY?

A

USING VECTORS SUCH AS
ARGOBACTERIUM TUMIFACIENS
RETROVIRUS

50
Q

ARGOBACTERIUM TUMIFACIENS CAUSES ——— IN THE PLANTS?

51
Q

RETROVIRUS IN THE ANIMALS CAN CAUSE ——– IN THE HUMANS

52
Q

MICRO-INJECTION METHOD IS USED FOR INSERTING THE FOREIGN DNA INTO PLANTS OR ANIMALS?

A

ANIMALS BECAUSE THEY DO NOT HAVE CELL WALLS ON THEIR OUTER SURFACE

53
Q

IN A BIOLISTIC OR GENE GUN WHICH METAL IS COATED WITH DNA TO FORM MICROPARTICLES WHICH ARE SUPPOSED TO BE INSERTED?

A

GOLD OR TUNGSTEN

54
Q

THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL, PLANT CELL WALL AND FUNGAL CELL WALL ARE DESTROYED BY?

A

LYSOZYME, CELLULASE AND CHITINASE RESPECTIVELY

55
Q

RNA AND PROTEINS ARE REMOVED BY ——-

A

RIBONUCLEASE AND PROTEASE RESPECTIVELY

56
Q

PCR STANDS FOR:-

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

57
Q

WHAT IS PCR USED TO?

A

TO AMPLIFY THE PIECE OF DNA

58
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE PROCESSES USED IN PCR?

A
  • DENATURATION (92C)
  • ANNEALING (52C)
  • EXTENSION (72C)
59
Q

WHICH DNA POLYMERASE IS USED IN THE PROCESS OF PCR AND FROM WHICH ORGANISM IT IS EXTRACTED?

A

TAQ POLYMERASE EXTRACTED FROM THE THERMALLY STABLE BACTERIA THERMUS AQUATICUS

60
Q

THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENE IS ALSO KNOWN AS

A

SELECTABLE MARKER

61
Q

THE ULTIMATE AIM OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IS?

A

TO PRODUCE DESIRABLE PROTEIN

62
Q

IF ANY PROTEIN ENCODING GENE IS EXPRESSED IN A HETEROLOGOUS HOST, THEN THE PROTEIN IS CALLED

A

RECOMBINANT PROTEIN

63
Q

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONTINUOUS CULTURE SYSTEM?

A

THE USED MEDIUM IS CONTINUOUSLY DRAINED FROM ONE SIDE AND FRESH MEDIUM IS ADDED FROM THE OTHER SIDE TO MAINTAIN THE CELLS IN THEIR PHYSIOLOGICALLY MOST ACTIVE STATE I.E THE LOG PHASE (EXPONENTIAL PHASE)

64
Q

TO PRODUCE THE RECOMBINANT PROTEIN IN LARGE QUANTITIES ———- IS USED

A

BIOREACTORS

65
Q

HOW MANY LITRES CAN BE PROCESSED IN THE BIOREACTORS?

A

100-1000 LITRES

66
Q

WHAT ARE THE OPTIMAL GROWTH CONDITIONS PROVIDED BY THE BIOREACTOR?

A

TEMPERATURE, pH, SUBSTRATE, SALTS, VITAMINS AND OXYGEN

67
Q

MOST COMMON TYPE OF BIOREACTOR IS

A

STIRRING TYPE

68
Q

WHY DOES THE STIRRING TYPE OF BIOREACTOR HAVE A CURVED BASE?

A

TO FACILITATE THE MIXING OF THE REACTOR CONTENTS

IT FACILITATES EVEN MIXING OF THE CONTENTS AND OXYGEN AVAILABILITY THROUGHOUT THE BIOREACTOR

69
Q

WHICH TYPE OF STIRRING TYPE OF BIOREACTOR IS BETTER?

A

SPARGED TYPE BECAUSE IT HAS INCREASED SURFACE AREA FOR THE OXYGEN TRANSFER

70
Q

WHAT DOES THE DOWNSTREAM PROCESS INCLUDE?

A

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION
PRODUCTS HAVE TO BE FORMULATED WITH SUITABLE PRESERVATIVES
SUCH CLINICAL FORMULATIONS HAVE TO UNDERGO CLINICAL TRIALS AS IN THE CASE OF DRUGS
STRICT QUALITY CONTROL
PROCESSING AND QUALITY CONTROL TESTING VARY FROM PRODUCT TO PRODUCT

71
Q

THE MAIN PROCESSES OF BIOTECH ARE

A

ISOLATION OF DNA
FRAGMENTATION OF DNA BY RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE
ISOLATED OF A DESIRED FRAGMENT INTO A VECTOR

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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