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Biology > Organisation in animals > Flashcards

Organisation in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a tissue

A

Group of similar cell that work together to carry out a particular function. It can include more than one type of cell

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2
Q

What is an organ

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.

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3
Q

Give 3 types of tissues in mammals

A
  • Muscular tissue: contracts to move whatever it’s attached to e.g. moves stomach walls to churn food
  • Glandular tissue: makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones e.g. makes digestive juices to digest food
  • Epithelial tissue: covers some parts of the body e.g. inside of the gut, and outside and inside of the stomach
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4
Q

How does gas exchange happen in the alveoli?

A
  • alveoli surrounded by blood capillaries. This is where gas exchange happens
  • blood passing next to the alveoli has **returned to the lungs from the rest of the body by the pulmonary artery.
  • blood coming from body contains lots of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen
  • oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus (higher concentration area) to the blood (lower concentration)
    -carbon dioxide diffuse out of the blood(high concentration) into the **alveolus **(low concentration) to be breathed out
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5
Q

What 3 components make up the circulatory system?

A
  • Heart: heart muscle contracts to generate force to move the blood
  • Blood vessels: tubular structures that carries blood through all organs and tissues of the body
  • Blood: the transport medium that carries nutrients and chemical Messenger molecules(hormones) to the tissues and removes waste products for them
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6
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

The blood passes through the heart twice per complete circuit around the body.

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7
Q

What are the 2 routes in a double circulatory system?

A
  • Pulmonary circuit: deoxygenated blood passes from the left ventricle to the lungs and then returns as oxygenated blood to the left atrium
  • Systemic circuit: oxygenated blood passes for the left ventricle to the rest f the body and then returns as deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
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8
Q

Where are the lungs?

A

Thorax

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9
Q

What is the order in which air travels to the lungs after being inhaled?

A

trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus

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10
Q

A blood cell enters the heart through the Vena Cava. Make a flow chart of its journey from there, ending at the aorta. Name the valves in your answer.

A

vena cava, right atrium, through tricuspid valve, right ventricle, semi-lunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, through bicuspid valve, left ventricle, semi-lunar valve, aorta

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11
Q

What is the heart made of?

A
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
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12
Q

Around the heart, arteries called _____ arteries branch off the _____ and surround the __________ muscle tissue.

A

coronary, aorta, cardiovascular

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13
Q

What does the pacemaker do?

A

Controls the natural rate of the heartbeat

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14
Q

Where is the pacemaker located?

A

The electrical impulses are generated in specialised patch of cells that are located on the right atrium wall

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15
Q

What can be used if a patient has an irregular heartbeat?

A

an artificial pacemaker

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16
Q

What do artificial pacemakers do?

A

Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate by sending electrical impulses to the heart muscle

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17
Q

Name the three types of blood vessels.

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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18
Q

Blood in the arteries is under high pressure, so they need valves. True or False?

A

False

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19
Q

Veins have valves. True or False?

A

True

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20
Q

Why do veins need valves?

A

blood in the veins flows at low pressure and often against gravity, so valves are needed to prevent backflow and pooling

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21
Q

Describe and explain the layers of a vein.

A
  • Thin walls with elastic fibres and muscle: blood pressure is low so valves are present to prevent back flow and pooling of blood
  • Wide lumen: reduce resistance between the blood and the walls of the vein
  • Irregular lumen
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22
Q

Describe the layers and their functions of the artery wall (including the lumen).

A
  • Walls are made of elastic fibres and smooth muscle
  • Thick walls: to withstand high pressure
  • Elastic tissue: allows walls to stretch when blood is forced through and recoil when pressure drops
  • Narrow lumen- maintain high blood pressure
  • Regular and round lumen
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23
Q

Name 4 ways in which capillaries are adapted to their functions.

A
  • Walls are 1 cell thick
    -** Permeable walls**: substance can diffuse in and out
  • Lumen same size as red blood cell
  • Pores(gas between cells making up the capillary wall): allow substances to move through
24
Q

Function of artery?

A
  • carries oxygenated blood at a high pressure away from the heart
25
Q

Function of vein?

A
  • carries deoxygenated blood at a low pressure towards from the heart
26
Q

Function of capillaries?

A
  • exchange nutrients e.g. glucose and oxygen from plasma to cells
  • exchange of waste products e.g. carbon dioxide from cells to plasma.
27
Q

rate of blood flow =

A

Volume of blood / number of minutes

28
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A
  • Biconcave shape: gives larger surface area
  • No nucleus: allows more room to carry oxygen
  • Contains haemoglobin: binds to oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin to transport oxygen to lungs and tissue
29
Q

What is the function of a white blood cell?

A

Defend the body against microorganisms that cause infection

30
Q

How can white blood cells perform their function?

A
  • engulf foreign microorganisms through process of phagocytosis and digest them
  • produce antibodies: proteins that bind to foreign antigens and destroy them
  • produce antitoxins: to neutralise any toxin produced by foreign microorganisms
31
Q

Description of plasma

A

Yellow translucent liquid

32
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A
  • carries:
    - red and white blood cells, platelets
    - glucose, amino acids : these are soluble products of digestion which are absorbed from the gut and taken to the cells of the body
    - carbon dioxide: from organs to the lungs
    - urea: from liver to kidneys
    - hormones, proteins
    - antibodies and antitoxins produced ny white blood cells
33
Q

What is the description and structure of platelets?

A
  • tiny fragments of cells
  • no nucleus
34
Q

Function of platelets?

A
  • help blood to clot (clump together) at a wound- this seals the wound and stops you from loosing too much blood
  • stops microorganisms entering the wound
  • lack of platelets can cause excessive bleeding and bruising
35
Q

what are blood products

A

components of blood prepared from donated blood - blood tranfusion centres

36
Q

Advantages of using blood component thearpy:

A
  • more patients can be treated
  • the dose of required component can be optimised
  • more cost effective + effcient
37
Q

what is the use of the blood product : Packed red blood cells

A
  • used to restore oxygen carrying capacity
  • paitients with anaemia / blood loss
38
Q

what is the use of the blood product : fresh frozen plasma

A

treatments for patients with excessive bleeding

39
Q

what is the use of the blood product : Platelets

A

treatment / prevention of bleeding in low platelet count patients

40
Q

what is a stent

A

metal mesh that insets into the artery to keep lumen open

41
Q

describe how a stent is inserted into an artery

A
  • catheter used to insert inflated balloon to open up artery
  • stent inserted and **balloon deflated
  • catheter + balloon removed
42
Q

why would someone have a stent fitted

A

when artery narrows due to fatty deposits in the artery wall

43
Q

Advantages of stents:

A
  • lowers risk of heart attack with people with CHD
  • operation is quick, effective - patients recover quickly
44
Q

Disadvantages of stents:

A
  • compilcations can occur during surgery
  • risk of infection
  • risk of forming blood clot - can lead to stroke / heart attack
45
Q

what are statins used for

A

to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slow down rate of fatty material deposit

46
Q

How do statins work: (LDL + HDL)

A
  • reducing amount of LDL cholesterol on blood
    • LDLs carry fat to artery wall + increase amount of fat deposited
  • Increasing amount of HDL
    • HDL carry fat away from artery wall + decrease amount of fat deposited
47
Q

Advantages of statins:

A
  • reduces risk of strokes, CHD, heart attacks
  • may prevent other diseases
48
Q

Disadvantges of statins:

A
  • must be taken regularly over long period of time
  • Negative side effects - headaches, kidney failure
  • not immediate effect - takes time for beneficial effect
49
Q

causes of faulty heart valves:

A
  • heart attack
  • infection
  • old age
50
Q

function of heart valves

A

maintain the blood flow in one direction

51
Q

consequences of faulty valves:

A
  • breathless - low oxygen supply
  • death
  • chest pain
52
Q

what 2 types of valves can faulty valves be replaces with

A
  • biological valves
  • mechanical valves
53
Q

advantages of mechanical valves:

A
  • last a long time
  • very **effective
  • ** permanent** - no need for replacement
  • no ethical issues
54
Q

advantages of biological valves:

A
  • no medication needed
  • fully effective
55
Q

Disadvantages of mechanical valves

A
  • anticoagulants for life (increase risk of blood clotting)
  • Open heart surgery needed
  • unsuitable for children - cant be still growing
56
Q

Disadvantages of biological valves

A
  • need replacing after ~15 yrs
57
Q

why have scientists developed artifical heart

A
  • shortage of donor hearts
  • extend patients life

Biology (27 decks)

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