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Biology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

where is the genetic material stored in the cell

A

nucleus

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2
Q

the DNA is arranged in structures call ………………..

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

what does each chromosome carry

A

different genes

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4
Q

what are genes

A

a gene is a specific section of DNA that codes for the production of one specific protein

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5
Q

what do different genes determine

A

different genes determine the development of specific characteristics

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6
Q

in body (somatic) cells how are chromosomes found in

A

pairs

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7
Q

how many chromosomes are in a somatic cell

A

46 chromosomes , 23 pairs

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8
Q

what is it called when the full number of chromosomes are found inside the nucleus of a somatic cell

A

diploid cell

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9
Q

somatic cells in a multicellular organism must be able to divide + produce new cells so that : (4 reasons)

A
  • damaged + old cells are replaced
  • tissues + organs can be repaired
  • tissues + organs can grow
  • the organism itself can grow
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10
Q

what are the 2 main stages of the cell cycle

A
  1. Cell growth + DNA replication
  2. Mitosis
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11
Q

describe the stages in the cell growth phase

A
  1. cells get bigger
  2. DNA doubles –> forms 2 copies of each chromosome
  3. sub-cellular structures like ribosomes + mitochondria double
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12
Q

describe the stages of mitosis

A
  1. chromosomes line up in the middle / equator of the cell
  2. half of the chromosomes are pulled to each pole of the cell
  3. 2 nuclei form within the cell –> nucleus divides
  4. cytoplasm, organelles + cell membrane + nuclei are split to form 2 new daughter cells which are genetically identical
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13
Q

what type of reproduction is binary fission

A

asexual reproduction

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14
Q

how is bacteria difference from mitosis

A
  • mitosis is the division of the nucleus BUT bacteria do not have nuclei
  • spindle fibres also not formed in binary fission
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15
Q

describe the stages of binary fission

A
  • cell replicates DNA
  • increase in size
  • divide into 2 genetically identical daughter cells
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16
Q

stem cells is an …………………. cell

A

undifferentiated

17
Q

what process do stems cells divide by

18
Q

stems cells differentiate into what

A

into different types of specialised cells

19
Q

what are the 3 types of stems cells

A
  • embryonic stem cells
  • adult stem cells
  • plant stem cells
20
Q

what is the function of an embryonic stem cell

A
  • stem cells found in early human embryos - can be cloned and made to differentiate into any type of cell = totipotent stem cells
21
Q

describe the function of a adult stem cell

A
  • found in adult bone marrow
  • can form many types of cells –> including blood cells
22
Q

where is the adult stem cell found

A

adult bone marrow

23
Q

where are plant stem cells found

24
Q

describe the function of a plant stem cell

A
  • stem cells found in plants in meristems
  • Meristematic tissue found in the shoot tips + root tips
  • can differentiate into any type of plant cell throughout plants entire life
25
Q

what are the uses of embryonic stem cells

A
  • insulin-producing cells to treat people with diabetes
  • neurones could be used to treat people with spinal cord injuries –> paralysis
26
Q

advantages of using embryonic stem cells

A
  • therapeutic cloningused to produce ** embryonic stem cells** which have the same genetic info as the patient
  • stem cell produced from the embryo would contain ((same genes as patient**
  • prevents cells being rejected by patients body –> can be used for medical treatment
27
Q

risks / disadvantages of embryonic stem cells

A
  • grown artificially in a lab, may become contaminated with viruses –> could be passed onto patient
  • ethical or religious objections
28
Q

uses of adult stem cells

A
  • treat some diseases –> sickle cell anemia:
    • stem cell extracted from bone marrow which are used to faulty red blood cells
29
Q

uses of plant stem cells

A
  • produce clones of whole plants quickly + economically
  • Rare species cloned to protect from extinction
  • crops with desirable features (e.g. disease resistance) can be cloned to produce large no. of identical plants for farmers
30
Q

what are the ethical issues for why some people are against the use of stem cells in research

A
  • fell thet human embryos are a potential life
  • obtaining stem cells from an embryo destroys the embryo + destroys life
  • embryos can’t give consent
  • time + money could be spent to fine alternative solutions e.g. find method to turn differentiated adult cell back into stem cell
31
Q

some people are for the use of stem cells in research because:

A
  • fell that treating + curing existing patients who are suffering is more important than the rights of the embryo
  • embryos that are used are usually embryos that would be destroyed as biological waste : extra embryos generated by fertility clinics but are not used

Biology (33 decks)

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