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Biology > Cell Division: Reproduction (paper 2) > Flashcards

Cell Division: Reproduction (paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 types of reproduction

A
  • sexual
  • asexual
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2
Q

where does asexual reproduction occur

A
  • bacteria
  • some plants
  • some animals
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3
Q

what are the 5 key things that define asexual reproduction

A
  • involves mitosis / binary fissions** for bacteria
  • only 1 parent
  • does not involve the fusion of gametes
  • does not result in the mixing of genetic information
  • produces genetically identical offspring –> clones
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4
Q

what is the asexual process called in plants

A

vegetative reproduction

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5
Q

Vegetative reproduction does not produced …………, ………………., ………………

A
  • spores
  • pollen
  • seeds
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6
Q

what are 3 examples of vegetative reproduction

A
  • runners : strawberry plants
  • bulbs : daffodils
  • tubers : potatoes
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7
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • faster process (quicker)
  • produces lots more offspring
  • 1 parent –> no need fore mate –> easier
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8
Q

what are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • population resistance to disease / harsh environment
  • humans can use it in selective breeding
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9
Q

how many parents does sexual reproduction need

A

2

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10
Q

in which organisms does sexual reproduction occur

A
  • animals
  • plants
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11
Q

what are the 5 key things that define sexual reproduction

A
  • needs 2 parents
  • requires the fusions of male and female gametes –> process of fertilisation must occur
  • mixing of genetic information –> leads to variety in offspring
  • offspring are genetically different from both of their parents
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12
Q

what are the gametes call in male and females

A
  • Male: Sperm (in animals), pollen (plants**
  • Female: Ova
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13
Q

the formation of gametes invole what type of cell division

A

meiosis

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14
Q

how many chromosome does a gamete have and what is it called

A

23 - haploid

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15
Q

describe the stages of fertilisation

A
  1. ovum + sperm fuse during fertilisation
  2. results in a single cell called a zygote –> has full set of chromosomes , diploid cell
  3. zygote will develop into an embryo by mitosis
  4. as embryo develops : cells differentiate to form different types of cells + tissues
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16
Q

offspring produced in sexual reproduction have a greater variation than offspring produced by asexual reproduction, why?

A

process of fertilisation mean that zygote receives half of its genetic information from its mother, half from its father –> embryo inherits characteristics from both parents

17
Q

where in the body do cell divide by meiosis

A

reproductive organs to form gametes

18
Q

reproductive organs include:

A
  • testes and ovaries in animals
  • anthers and ovaries in flowering plants
19
Q

describe the stages of meisosis

A
  • copies of the genetic information are made
  • the cell divides twice to form 4 gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes
20
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • produces genetically varied offspring : if environment changes variation gives a survival advantage by natural
    selection
  • natural selection can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to
    increase food production.
21
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction:

A
  • only one parent needed
  • more time and energy efficient as do not need to find a mate
  • faster than sexual reproduction
  • many genetically identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable
22
Q

what organisms use both sexual and asexual reproduction

A
  • malaria parasite
  • fungi
  • Plants:
    • strawberry plant
    • daffodils, onions
    • potatoes
23
Q

how does malaria parasite carry out sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction

A
  • reproduces sexually when it is inside the mosquito (acts as vector)
  • reproduces asexually when it is inside human host liver cells
24
Q

how does fungi carry out sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction

A
  • reproduce spores sexually - these are genetically varied
  • also reproduce spores asexually - genetically identical to parent
25
Q

how does the strawberry plant carry out sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction

A

Sexual:
- produce gametes (ovules and pollen grains) in flowers which produce seeds as a result of fertilisation
Asexual:
- produce runners - stems which grow horizontally on the surface of the soil and produces new plants genetically identical to the parent plant

26
Q

how does daffodils and onions carry out sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction

A

Sexual:
- produce **gametes* in flowers —> seeds produced due to fertilisation
Asexual:
- produce bulbs - new bulbs form on the original parent plant and can split off to form a genetically identical plant

27
Q

how does potatoes carry out sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction

A

Sexual:
- produce **gametes* in flowers —> seeds produced due to fertilisation
Asexual
- produces tubers - are underground structures that form on the original parent bulb and ca split off to form a genetically identical plant

Biology (32 decks)

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