Health and disease Flashcards
1
Q
What is health?
A
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
2
Q
What is a communicable disease?
A
A infectious disease that can be transmitted person to person or animal to person
3
Q
Give 3 transmission types for a communicable disease.
A
- direct contact with an affected individual
- the individual’s discharge e.g. via droplet
- indirect (by a vector)
4
Q
give two examples of communicable diseases.
A
Measles and malaria
5
Q
What is a non-communicable disease?
A
A medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents cannot be spread from person to person or animal to person
6
Q
Give three example of non-communicable diseases.
A
asthma, cancer, CHD
7
Q
Which two viruses can lead to cancer?
A
hepatitis, HIV
8
Q
The spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented by ….. (name 4 factors)
A
- simple hygiene measures
- destroying vectors
- isolation of infected individuals
- vaccination
9
Q
Give three more factors, other than disease, which affect your health.
A
- lifestyle: stress
- diet/exercise
- life environment
10
Q
What is a risk factor?
A
a factor that increases the likelihood of someone getting a specific disease.
11
Q
Which risk factor is shown to directly cause cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer?
A
Smoking
12
Q
Which risk factor can lead to the development of Type 2 Diabetes?
A
Obesity:
- unbalanced diet
- lack of exercise
13
Q
direct risk factors for coronary heart disease
A
- high saturated fat diet
- old age
- high cholesterol
14
Q
direct risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome
A
- high alcohol consumption by pregnant women
15
Q
direct risk factors for liver failure
A
high alcohol consumption
16
Q
direct risk factors for lung cancer, bronchitis and emphysema
A
- smoking
- high polluted environment
17
Q
Name a risk factors in cancer
A
Carcinogens, including ionising radiation
18
Q
What is the human cost of non-communicable disease?
A
millions die from them every year
19
Q
What is the financial cost of non-communicable disease?
A
cost of researching or treating, cost of adapting or moving home, less people working
20
Q
What is a casual mechanism?
A
one risk factor that may be partially responsible for a disease
21
Q
What are causation factors?
A
Directly cause/relationship, proven for the risk
22
Q
What is a correlation?
A
- there is an association between the two factors.
- Correlations are not the same as causation because they do not always mean a person will develop the disease
23
Q
What causes cancer?
A
- uncontrolled cell growth and division (by mitosis)
- cause a mass of cells to develop which is called a tumour
24
Q
What is a benign tumour?
A
- tumour continues to grow slowly until there is no space for any more cells
- remains at the site of origin.
- doesn’t invade other tissues
- Non-cancerous and not life threatening
25
What is a malignant tumour?
- tumours are **cancerous+ grow quickly**
- they **invade neighbouring tissues**
- **spread to different parts** of the body through the **blood stream**
- when they spread to another part of the body this is called a **secondary tumour**
-this is called a **metastasis**
26
How does a secondary tumour form?
- The cancer cells **detach** from the **tumour**
- enter the **blood** and spread through the body.
- Where they stop they begin to **divide and multiply**, creating another **tumour**.
27
Give 4 lifestyle risk factor for developing cancer.
- **smoking**: increase risk of lung, mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical cancer
- **obesity**: increased risk of bowel, liver+kidney cancer
- **UV Exposure**: increase risk of skin cancers
- **viral infection**: increased risk of liver cancer due to hepatitis B and C
28
Mutation in which genes can increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer?
BRCA
29
Give four types of pathogen.
bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi
30
What is a pathogen?
Pathogens are **microorganisms** that cause **infectious disease**
- may infect plants or animals
- can be **spread** by **direct contact** , by **water** or **air**
31
Why do bacteria make you feel ill?
they produce **toxins** which damage the body cells
32
Why do viruses make you feel ill?
- **reproduce inside body cells**
- when the cell bursts the **cell damage makes you feel ill.**
- Once they have replicated inside the host cell the **host cell ruptures** and **releases** the **new viral particles**
33
are viruses classified as living or non- living and why?
They are often classified as non-living as they have to use to organelles in their host cell to reproduce.
34
Why do protists make you feel ill?
- All protists are **eukaryotic** and most of them are single celled
- Some protists are parasites - parasites **live on or inside other organisms and can cause them damage which make us feel ill**
35
what are 6 ways pathogens can be spread?
- direct contact
- indirect contact
- carried by vectors
- contact with contaminated food or water
- sexual contact
- bodily fluids
36
What is an organism which carries pathogens but doesn't get a disease called?
A **vector** e.g an insect carries the protist (mosquitos carry malaria)
37
which kind of mosquito carries malaria?
Anopheles
38
Name diseases that are cause by viruses?
Measles, mumps, rubella, HIV
39
Bacteria reproduce rapidly by _______ ____________
binary fission
40
Give an example of single celled fungus
Yeast
41
Give examples of multicellular fungi?
Mushroom, athletes foot, mould, rhizo
42
What are cell wall of fungi made of?
Chitin (type of sugar)
43
what are the thread like structures in fungi called?
**Hyphae**: they can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing disease
44
How do fungi spread?
Hyphae produce **spores**, enabling the fungus to easily spread
45
How do fungi reproduce?
they reproduce **asexually**. They need **gamets from mitosis**
46
name 5 diseases caused by bacteria
- salmonella
- gonorrhoea (STD)
- bronchitis - affects the lungs
- meningitis - infection of the protective membrane that surround the brain
- cholera
47
How is salmonella spread?
- Found in **raw meat**: poultry, eggs, egg products (mayonnaise)
- **undercooked** food
- **unhygienic** conditions
48
Give four symptoms of salmonella.
Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
49
How can salmonella be treated?
- **drinking fluids** - replace lost fluids
- take **rehydration salts** - replace lost mineral ions and glucose
- **antibiotics** - severe cases
50
what are preventions of salmonella
- keep **cooked food away from raw** food - to **prevent contamination**
- cook food thoroughly
- wash hands thoroughly :
- after toilet
- after handling raw meat
51
Salmonella and gonorrhoea are what kind of disease?
Bacterial disease
52
Name 2 viral diseases
Measles, HIV & AIDs
53
What protist disease do we have to know about?
Malaria
54
How is gonorrhea transmitted?
- **sexual intercourse (STD) : unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
55
is there many symptoms of gonorrhoea in the early stages?
In the early stages it is relatively symptomless
- 10% of men, 50% of women had no obvious symptoms
56
Give common symptoms of gonorrhoea in women
- **pain when urinating**
- **thick yellow/green vaginal discharge**
- painful + tender lower abdomen
- bleeding between periods or after sex
57
Give common symptoms of gonorrhoea in men
- **pain when urinating**
- **thick yellow/green discharge** from penis
- inflammation of foreskin
- painful + tender testicles
58
What are the long term symptoms of gonorrhoea?
- infertility
- long term pelvic pain
- ectopic pregnancies (condition in which a fertilized egg grows outside of the uterus, usually in one of the fallopian tubes.)
- babies born from infected mothers have severe eye infections
59
How can we prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?
- use **barrier contraception** e.g. condoms, femidom
60
How can gonorrhoea be treated?
- treat with **antibiotics**
- but **drug-resistance strain** of bacterium is more common = more difficult to treat
61
what 4 diseases are caused by viruses?
- measles
- mumps
- rubella
- HIV
62
How are measles spread?
- Spread by **inhalation of droplets of** an infected person’s **coughs or sneezes**
- Viral particles in droplets are **released** into the **air** and an uninfected person **inhales droplet**.
63
What are the symptoms of measles?
- red skin rash
- fever
- headaches
- small- greyish spots on inside of cheeks
- sore red eyes, sensitive to light
64
What complications can measles lead to?
- **sterility** in adults
- **fetal abnormalities** in pregnant women
- **brain damage** inflammation of the brain (encephalitis)
65
How can measles be prevented and treated?
- no treatment
- **vaccination** - young children (~1 yrs old)
- infected person needs to be **isolated**
66
What does HIV stand for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
67
What does AIDs stand for?
Auto Immunodeficiency Disease
68
How is HIV transmitted?
- **sexual contact**
- **exchange of bodily fluids** such as *breast milk, blood* which occurs when *drug users share contaminated needles*
69
What are the early symptoms of HIV
- **flu-like symptoms**
- fever
- sore throat
- body rash
- tiredness
- joint and muscle pain
Usually person doesn’t experience any symptoms for a several years
70
What are the later symptoms of HIV
- weight loss
- chronic diarrhoea
- night sweats
- recurrent infections
71
How can HIV be treated?
**Antiretroviral drugs** - *stops virus from replicating in the host cell*
72
How does HIV develop into AIDs?
- **virus enters lymph nodes** and **attacks the immune cells**
- late stage of HIV, or AIDS, occurs when body's immune system is no longer able to defend from other infections or cancers
73
How is malaria spread?
- **female Anopheles mosquito feeds** on blood of malaria infected animal
- **ingests** Plasmodium **gamete cells** (malarial protist)
- sexual phase of Plasmodium life cycle takes place in mosquito --> gamete’s fuse, mitosis takes place, sporozoites are produced and migrate to salivary gland
- infected mosquito **feeds on uninfected human**
- **injecting saliva** that **contains protists** (plasmodium sporozoites)
- protists **infect liver cells** and *multiply asexually* and cause live cells to **rupture**
- protists then **infect red blood cells** and reproduce asexually inside red blood cell
- infected **red blood cell burst** and infects other red blood cells
74
How can malaria be prevented?
- **Insect repellent**: helps to keep mosquitoes away, so less likely to get bitten
- **Mosquito nets**: keep mosquitos away while person is sleeping
75
What can be done to stop mosquitos breeding?
**vector control**: use of insecticides and pesticides or reduce mosquito numbers
**treating water reserves** where mosquitos breed
