organics Flashcards by eleanor soothill

Q

halogenoalkane to alkene

A

NaOH in ethanol
heat

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Q

halogenoalkane to alcohol

A

aqueous KOH/NaOH

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Q

alcohol to bromoalkane

A

KBr and H2SO4

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Q

halogenoalkane to amine

A

NH3
heat in a sealed tube in ethanol

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Q

equation for addition of PCl5 to alcohol

A

(R)OH + PCl5 –> HCl + (R)Cl + POCl3

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Q

alkane to chloroalkane

A

Cl2 gas

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Q

alcohol to chloroalkane

A

PCl5

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Q

alkene to chloroalkane

A

HCl

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Q

how to make an ester (not with a carboxylic acid)

A

alcohol and an acyl chloride

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Q

advantages of using an acyl chloride to make an ester rather than a carboxylic acid (4)

A

higher yeild
goes to completion
no catalyst needed
no heat (reflux) needed

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Q

disadvantages of using an acyl chloride to make an ester rather than a carboxylic acid (2)

A

acyl chloride is more expensive
acyl chloride is toxic

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Q

nitrile to amine

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether
reduction

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Q

alkene to diol

A

KMnO4 and H2SO4
oxidation

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Q

alkane to halogenoalkane

A

X2 UV light

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Q

halogenoalkane to alkane

A

(RX into gringard)
add Mg in dry ether
then H+ and H20

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Q

halogenoalkane to nitrile

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A

KCN in ethanol
heat under reflux

Q

nitrile to carboxylic acid

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A

aqueous HCl
hydrolysis

Q

acyl chloride to amide

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A

NH3

Q

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

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A

PCl5

Q

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

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A

H2O

Q

CO2 to carboxylic acid

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A

Grignard reagent (R-MgX) + H2O
reduction

Q

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid salt

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A

aqueous NaOH
acid/base reaction

Q

carboxylic acid to carboxylic acid salt

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A

aqueous NaOH
acid/base reaction

Q

carboxylic acid salt to carboxylic acid

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A

aqueous H+
acid/base reaction

ester to carboxylic acid salt

NaOH hydrolysis

carboxylic acid to ester

alcohol H2SO4 catalyst and heat

ester to carboxylic acid

aqueous H+ heat hydrolysis

hydroxy nitrile to hydroxy carboxylic acid

dilute HCl warm hydrolysis

keynote/aldehyde to hydroxy nitrile

aqueous KCN and H2SO4 nucleophilic addition

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 heat under reflux oxidation

ester to alcohol

aqueous H+ heat hydrolysis

alkene to alkane

H2 Ni catalyst 150 degrees

alcohol to alkene

conc H2SO4 or H3PO4 heat

what react via free radical substitution

alkanes

what reacts via electrophilic substitution

arenes

what reacts via nucleophilic substitution

halogenoalkanes

what reacts via electrophilic addition

alkenes

what reacts via nucleophilic addition

carbonyl compounds