organics Flashcards

1
Q

halogenoalkane to alkene

A

NaOH in ethanol
heat

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2
Q

halogenoalkane to alcohol

A

aqueous KOH/NaOH

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3
Q

alcohol to bromoalkane

A

KBr and H2SO4

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4
Q

halogenoalkane to amine

A

NH3
heat in a sealed tube in ethanol

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5
Q

equation for addition of PCl5 to alcohol

A

(R)OH + PCl5 –> HCl + (R)Cl + POCl3

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6
Q

alkane to chloroalkane

A

Cl2 gas

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7
Q

alcohol to chloroalkane

A

PCl5

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8
Q

alkene to chloroalkane

A

HCl

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9
Q

how to make an ester (not with a carboxylic acid)

A

alcohol and an acyl chloride

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10
Q

advantages of using an acyl chloride to make an ester rather than a carboxylic acid (4)

A
  • higher yeild
  • goes to completion
  • no catalyst needed
  • no heat (reflux) needed
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11
Q

disadvantages of using an acyl chloride to make an ester rather than a carboxylic acid (2)

A
  • acyl chloride is more expensive
  • acyl chloride is toxic
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12
Q

nitrile to amine

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether
reduction

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13
Q

alkene to diol

A

KMnO4 and H2SO4
oxidation

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14
Q

alkane to halogenoalkane

A

X2 UV light

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15
Q

halogenoalkane to alkane

A

(RX into gringard)
add Mg in dry ether
then H+ and H20

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16
Q

halogenoalkane to nitrile

A

KCN in ethanol
heat under reflux

17
Q

nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

aqueous HCl
hydrolysis

18
Q

acyl chloride to amide

19
Q

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

20
Q

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

21
Q

CO2 to carboxylic acid

A

Grignard reagent (R-MgX) + H2O
reduction

22
Q

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid salt

A

aqueous NaOH
acid/base reaction

23
Q

carboxylic acid to carboxylic acid salt

A

aqueous NaOH
acid/base reaction

24
Q

carboxylic acid salt to carboxylic acid

A

aqueous H+
acid/base reaction

25
ester to carboxylic acid salt
NaOH hydrolysis
26
carboxylic acid to ester
alcohol H2SO4 catalyst and heat
27
ester to carboxylic acid
aqueous H+ heat hydrolysis
28
hydroxy nitrile to hydroxy carboxylic acid
dilute HCl warm hydrolysis
29
keynote/aldehyde to hydroxy nitrile
aqueous KCN and H2SO4 nucleophilic addition
30
aldehyde to carboxylic acid
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 heat under reflux oxidation
31
ester to alcohol
aqueous H+ heat hydrolysis
32
alkene to alkane
H2 Ni catalyst 150 degrees
33
alcohol to alkene
conc H2SO4 or H3PO4 heat
34
what react via free radical substitution
alkanes
35
what reacts via electrophilic substitution
arenes
36
what reacts via nucleophilic substitution
halogenoalkanes
37
what reacts via electrophilic addition
alkenes
38
what reacts via nucleophilic addition
carbonyl compounds