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Chemistry > organics > Flashcards

organics Flashcards

1
Q

halogenoalkane to alkene

A

NaOH in ethanol
heat

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2
Q

halogenoalkane to alcohol

A

aqueous KOH/NaOH

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3
Q

alcohol to bromoalkane

A

KBr and H2SO4

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4
Q

halogenoalkane to amine

A

NH3
heat in a sealed tube in ethanol

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5
Q

equation for addition of PCl5 to alcohol

A

(R)OH + PCl5 –> HCl + (R)Cl + POCl3

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6
Q

alkane to chloroalkane

A

Cl2 gas

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7
Q

alcohol to chloroalkane

A

PCl5

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8
Q

alkene to chloroalkane

A

HCl

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9
Q

how to make an ester (not with a carboxylic acid)

A

alcohol and an acyl chloride

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10
Q

advantages of using an acyl chloride to make an ester rather than a carboxylic acid (4)

A
  • higher yeild
  • goes to completion
  • no catalyst needed
  • no heat (reflux) needed
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11
Q

disadvantages of using an acyl chloride to make an ester rather than a carboxylic acid (2)

A
  • acyl chloride is more expensive
  • acyl chloride is toxic
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12
Q

nitrile to amine

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether
reduction

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13
Q

alkene to diol

A

KMnO4 and H2SO4
oxidation

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14
Q

alkane to halogenoalkane

A

X2 UV light

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15
Q

halogenoalkane to alkane

A

(RX into gringard)
add Mg in dry ether
then H+ and H20

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16
Q

halogenoalkane to nitrile

A

KCN in ethanol
heat under reflux

17
Q

nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

aqueous HCl
hydrolysis

18
Q

acyl chloride to amide

19
Q

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

20
Q

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

21
Q

CO2 to carboxylic acid

A

Grignard reagent (R-MgX) + H2O
reduction

22
Q

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid salt

A

aqueous NaOH
acid/base reaction

23
Q

carboxylic acid to carboxylic acid salt

A

aqueous NaOH
acid/base reaction

24
Q

carboxylic acid salt to carboxylic acid

A

aqueous H+
acid/base reaction

25
Q

ester to carboxylic acid salt

A

NaOH
hydrolysis

26
Q

carboxylic acid to ester

A

alcohol
H2SO4 catalyst and heat

27
Q

ester to carboxylic acid

A

aqueous H+
heat
hydrolysis

28
Q

hydroxy nitrile to hydroxy carboxylic acid

A

dilute HCl
warm
hydrolysis

29
Q

keynote/aldehyde to hydroxy nitrile

A

aqueous KCN
and H2SO4
nucleophilic addition

30
Q

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A

K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
heat under reflux
oxidation

31
Q

ester to alcohol

A

aqueous H+
heat
hydrolysis

32
Q

alkene to alkane

A

H2
Ni catalyst
150 degrees

33
Q

alcohol to alkene

A

conc H2SO4 or H3PO4
heat

34
Q

what react via free radical substitution

35
Q

what reacts via electrophilic substitution

36
Q

what reacts via nucleophilic substitution

A

halogenoalkanes

37
Q

what reacts via electrophilic addition

38
Q

what reacts via nucleophilic addition

A

carbonyl compounds

Chemistry (41 decks)

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