alkenes and polymers Flashcards
which is stronger pi or sigma bond and why
sigma
between 2 nuclei
trans / E
opposite sides
cis / Z
same side
define electrophile
an electron deficient species with a vacant orbital often positively charged
define addition reaction
where one or more groups are added on to a molecule to give a single product
how can the stability of the carbocation intermediate be increased
methyl groups are weakly electro donating (compared to H) so the stability increases as the number of methyl groups attached to C+ increases
test for unsaturation/alkene
bromine water + ethene/propene
shake together/bubble gas through
orange bromine water decolourised
what is required for polymerisation
any short chain alkene
high pressure
peroxide initiator that produces free radicals
hydration of an alkene
steam + conc phosphoric acid
makes an alcohol
another test for an alkene
acidified potassium manganate
purple—> colourless
makes a DIol
hydrogenation of an alkene
use heat (above 150°) + nickel catalyst
add hydrogen
(forms an alkane)
order of stability of carbocations
primary<secondary<tertiary
which will be the main route of an asymmetrical electrophilic addition reaction
the more stable one
so secondary over primary
tertiary over secondary
4 features of a pi bond
2 areas of overlap (above and below nuclei)
parallel overlap
weaker than sigma
between 2 p orbitals
4 features of a sigma bond
single area of overlap (between 2 nuclei)
horizontal overlap
stronger than pi
between 2 p orbitals
define heterolytic bond fission
covalent bond between 2 species broken in an unequal manner
results in the bond pair of electrons being retained by one of the chemical species
the other does not retain any
one +ve charge product (an electrophile), one -ve charge