alkenes and polymers Flashcards

1
Q

which is stronger pi or sigma bond and why

A

sigma
between 2 nuclei

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2
Q

trans / E

A

opposite sides

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3
Q

cis / Z

A

same side

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4
Q

define electrophile

A

an electron deficient species with a vacant orbital often positively charged

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5
Q

define addition reaction

A

where one or more groups are added on to a molecule to give a single product

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6
Q

how can the stability of the carbocation intermediate be increased

A

methyl groups are weakly electro donating (compared to H) so the stability increases as the number of methyl groups attached to C+ increases

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7
Q

test for unsaturation/alkene

A

bromine water + ethene/propene
shake together/bubble gas through
orange bromine water decolourised

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8
Q

what is required for polymerisation

A

any short chain alkene
high pressure
peroxide initiator that produces free radicals

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9
Q

hydration of an alkene

A

steam + conc phosphoric acid
makes an alcohol

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10
Q

another test for an alkene

A

acidified potassium manganate
purple—> colourless
makes a DIol

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11
Q

hydrogenation of an alkene

A

use heat (above 150°) + nickel catalyst
add hydrogen

(forms an alkane)

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12
Q

order of stability of carbocations

A

primary<secondary<tertiary

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13
Q

which will be the main route of an asymmetrical electrophilic addition reaction

A

the more stable one
so secondary over primary
tertiary over secondary

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14
Q

4 features of a pi bond

A

2 areas of overlap (above and below nuclei)
parallel overlap
weaker than sigma
between 2 p orbitals

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15
Q

4 features of a sigma bond

A

single area of overlap (between 2 nuclei)
horizontal overlap
stronger than pi
between 2 p orbitals

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16
Q

define heterolytic bond fission

A

covalent bond between 2 species broken in an unequal manner
results in the bond pair of electrons being retained by one of the chemical species
the other does not retain any
one +ve charge product (an electrophile), one -ve charge

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17
Q

define homolytic bond fission

A

dissociation of a molecule where one electron is retained by each of the original fragments of the molecule.
two free radicals are obtained
as each chemical species retains one electron from the bond pair

18
Q

define geometric isomerism

A

due to there being no free rotation about a C=C double bond (or in a ring structure) there are 2 different groups on each of the double bonded carbon atoms.

19
Q

what properties do geometric isomers display

A

different physical properties
same chemical properties

20
Q

how to decide if a compound is cis Z or trans E when it has all different groups attached

A

the atom with the highest atomic number takes priority

21
Q

combustion of alkene/alkane method

A

burn one drop on a tuft of mineral wool on a heatproof matt

22
Q

comparison of results for combustion of alkene/alkane

A

alkane- yellow luminous flame

alkene- sooty yellow luminous flame (incomplete combustion)

23
Q

method of bromine water with alkene/alkane

A

1cm3 of bromine water in a test tube
add 3 drops of ane/ene
mix

24
Q

comparison of results for alkene/alkane with bromine water

A

alkane- orange layer on top lower layer colourless (no reaction)

alkene- orange bromine water decolourised. upper layer of bromoalcohol

25
Q

method of potassium manganate and dilute H2SO4 with alkene/alkane

A

2 drops KMnO4
1cm3 dilute H2SO4
few drops of ene/ane
shake at room temp

26
Q

comparison of results for KMnO4 and H2SO4 for alkene/alkane

A

alkane- no change (no reaction)
alkane floats on top

alkene- pink->brown->colourless
alkene floats on top

27
Q

method stability in water alkene/alkane

A

1cm3 distilled water
few drops of ene/ane
shake

28
Q

comparison of results solubility in water alkene/alkane

A

alkane- 2 layers formed after shaking
organic layer on surface

alkene- 2 layers formal after shaking
organic layer on surface

29
Q

cracking produces alkenes method

A
  • 2-3cm3 medicicinal parafin onto mineral wool in a boiling tube
  • set up apparatus
  • Al2O3 is a catalyst
  • heat catalyst (not mineral wool) continuously until bubbles appear
  • discard first test tube (just hot air) then collect several tubes of gas
  • remove delivery tube from water before cooling (to avoid suckback)
30
Q

combustion test for alkene gas (after cracking)

A

hold test tube upside down + hold a flame to the mouth
produces a slight puff

31
Q

apparatus for cracking

A

test tube with mineral wool + medicinal parafin and Al2O3 catalyst
delivery tube from this test tube into water trough
place test tube to collect gas into the water trough, over the delivery tube

32
Q

alkene to bromoalcohol

A

aqueous Br2

33
Q

alkene to alcohol

A

H2O gas (steam)
conc H3PO4

34
Q

alkene to bromoalkane

A

HBr

35
Q

alkene to dibromoalkane

A

Br2

36
Q

alkene to diol

A

KMnO4
dilute H2SO4
purple -> colourless

37
Q

alkene to alkane
(hydrogenation)

A

H2
Ni catalyst
150 degrees C

38
Q

3 ways to reduce plastic waste

A

recycle
incinerate
chemical feedstock

39
Q

how does recycling work

A

waste chopped into small peices
melted + moulded

40
Q

how does incineration work

A

incinerate waste to produce chemicals
burn plastic produces heat energy

41
Q

how does chemical feedstock work

A

plastic used as chemical feedstock
breaks down into polymers and rebuilds