halogenoalkanes Flashcards
how to form a chloroalkane from an alcohol
dry PCl5 (or conc HCl)
room temperature
nucleophilic substitution
how to form a bromoalkane from an alcohol
KBr + conc H2SO4
heat under reflux
nucleophillic substitution (HBr attacks)
how to form a iodoalkane from an alcohol
damp red phosphorus + I2
warm
nucleophilic substitution
how to form an alkene from a halogenoalkane
conc KOH or conc NaOH
in ethanol
heat under reflux
elimination reaction
how to form an amine from a halegenoalkane
NH3 (ammonia)
heat in a sealed tube in ethanol
nucleophilic substitution
how to form an alcohol from halogenoalkane with water
add H2O
warm
ethanol co solvent
nucleophilic substitution
how to form a nitrile from a halogenoalkane
KCN
in ethanol
heat under reflux
nucleophilic substitution
what is a nucleophile
chemical species with a lone pair of electrons (can donate electrons)
define substitution reaction
where one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
why are the C-halogen bonds easier to break going down the group
bond length increases
weaker bond
broken faster
how to form an alcohol with halogenoalkane and aqueous alkali
dilute NaOH or KOH (aqueous)
ethanol co solvent
heat (60°)
which mechanism do tertiary halogenoalkanes react by
SN1
which mechanism do primary halogenoalkanes react by
SN2
which mechanism has the transition state
SN2 (primary halogenoalkanes)
what colour ppt Cl
white