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Chemistry GRE > Organic Chemistry Special Topics > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Special Topics Flashcards

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1
Q

Topics covered

A

Carbohydrates, nucleus acids, amino acids, peptides, proteins, lipids

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Aka saccharides have the general formula of Cn(H2O)m

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3
Q

Sugars

A

Simple carbohydrates

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4
Q

Ketoses

A

Polyhydroxylketones; contain the ketone group

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5
Q

Aldoses

A

Aliphatic Polyhydroxylaldehydes; contain the aldehyde functional group

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6
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Saccharides that cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler structures

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7
Q

Disaccharide

A

Can be hydrolyzed to yield 2 monosaccharides

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8
Q

D or L configuration

A

The configuration of the chiral carbon farthest from the CO group confers to the carbohydrate a sterochemicsl prefix of D or L

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9
Q

Epimers

A

Compounds whose stereochemistry differs at only one carbon

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10
Q

Anomers

A

Diastereomers caused by two possible conformations of a hemiacetal ring

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11
Q

Anomeric carbon

A

The hemiacetal carbon C1

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12
Q

Glycoside

A

Product formed when anomeric carbon reacts with -OH group of an alcohol

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13
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Consist of several monosaccharides liked by glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

When polysaccharide contains up to ten monosaccharides

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15
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

Contains phosphatesester backbones with two hydroxide on the sugar base

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16
Q

DNA (ddeoxyribonucleic acid)

A

Contains a phosphate water backbone with only one hydroxyl group on the sugar base

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17
Q

Ribonucleosides

A

Building blocks of nucleus acids, which are glycosides of ribofuranose-or ribofuranosides beta, derived from cyclic D-ribose

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18
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Single ring base

19
Q

Purine

A

Two ring base

20
Q

Ribonucleotides

A

When ribonucleosides are phosphorylated at their C5 carbon

21
Q

Four common ribonucleotides

A 
Cytidine monophosphate (CMP)
Uridine monophosphate (UMP)
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
Guanosine monophosphate (GMP)
22
Q

Four deoxyribonucleosides

A

Deoxycytidine
Deoxythimidine
Deoxyadenosine
Deoxyguanidine

23
Q

Base pairing

A

When bases of DNA hydrogen bond with the other bases

24
Q

Zwitter-ions

A

Diplomat ions like amino acids

25
Q

Isoelectric point

A

The pH at which the amino acid exists in equilibrium mixture of anionic and cationic forms

26
Q

Peptides

A

Amino acids linked together

27
Q

Disulfide bridge

A

Covalent bond formed between two cysteine residues that link together two polypeptide chains

28
Q

N-terminus

A

First amino acid in the sequence

29
Q

Dalton

A

A unit of mass equal to the mass of one hydrogen atom

30
Q

Simple proteins

A

Polypeptide assemblies that hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acid residues

31
Q

Conjugated proteins

A

Incorporate groups of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleus acids, and various prosthetic groups such as pigments

32
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

Aka active groups, they are often the site of the main biochemical activity of protein

33
Q

Levels of protein structure

A

Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure quaternary structure

34
Q

Primary structure

A

Refer to the covalent assembly or amino acid sequence and the presence of disulfide bridges

35
Q

Secondary structure

A

Refers to the arrangements adopted by the amino acids sequence; alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheets, random coils

36
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Represents the complete 3D conformation of the protein and the folding pattern of its secondary structure

37
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The sum total of the protein assembly, including complication with ligands and inhibitors

38
Q

Simple lipids

A

Simple hydrocarbon chains that do not hydrolyzed with acidic or basic solvents; terpenes (C5H8)n, steroids, prostaglandins

39
Q

Complex lipids

A

Are esters of carboxylic acids; they are easy to hydrolyzed to acids and alcohols; include glycerides and waxes

40
Q

Fatty acids

A

Aka complex lipids; glycerides are the fatty acid seers of glycerol

41
Q

Fats

A

Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature

42
Q

Oils

A

Triglycerides that are liquids at room temperature

43
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Fatty acids with no double or triple bonds just plain hydrocarbon chain

44
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Fatty acids with double bonds or triple bond in their hydrocarbon chain

Chemistry GRE (29 decks)

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