Aromic Structure

Question 1

Isotopes

Answer 1

Nuclei that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons = same physical and chemical properties

Question 2

Binding energy

Answer 2

Energy needed to bind together the nucleus of atoms

Question 3

Nuclear decay

Answer 3

The nucleus prior to nuclear decay is called the parent and the nucleus formed as a results of nuclear decay is called the daughter nucleus

Question 4

Alpha particles

Answer 4

High velocity He atoms that are enmities by alpha decay, which steal two electrons and become helium

Question 5

Beta particle

Answer 5

High velocity electrons

Question 6

Alpha

Answer 6

Daughter has mass number 4 less than parent, atom mic number 2 less than parent

Question 7

Beta

Answer 7

Daughter will always be a different element but will have the same mass number as parent

Question 8

Gamma

Answer 8

Daughter is identical to parent, except it has less energy

Question 9

First order decay

Answer 9

The probability that a nucleus will decay in a given time is constant and independent of the surrounding of the nucleus

Question 10

Half life Equation

Answer 10

n = noe^-kt 
t(1/2) = ln2/k

Question 11

Principal quantum number (n)

Answer 11

Describes the distinct energy levels or shells of the electron that orbits the nucleus; # of e- = 2n^2

Question 12

Secondary quantum number (l)

Answer 12

Refers to the subshell with in each energy level; l=0:uses s, l=1:uses p, l=2:uses d, l=3:uses f

Question 13

Magnetic quantum number (ml)

Answer 13

Refers to the electron orbitals with each subshell; every s has 1 orbital, every p has 3 orbitals, every d has 5 orbitals, every f has 7 orbitals

Question 14

Magnetic quantum number possibilities

Answer 14

s: 1 ml =0
p: 3 ml = -1,0,+1
d: 5 ml = -2,-1,0,+1,+2
f: 7 ml = -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3

Question 15

Spin quantum number (ms)

Answer 15

Can either be +(1/2) or -(1/2), for up or down arrows respectively, follows Pauli exclusion principle

Question 16

Pauli exclusion principle

Answer 16

States that no two electrons in the same atom may ever have completely identical quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms)

Question 17

Aufbau principle

Answer 17

To find the correct ground state electron configuration of an atom, always completely fill all lower energy orbitals before filling any higher energy orbital

Question 18

Hund’s rule

Answer 18

When partially filling degenerate orbitals of p, d, and f subshell a, always put on electron in each orbital before pairing them up; unpaired e- are orient so that their magnetic spins are all aligned

Question 19

Violation of Aufbau principle

Answer 19

Extra stabilization is realized when an atom has a half filled or completely filled d orbital; Cr and Cu promote the 4s electron to the higher 3D subshell

Question 20

Transition metal ions

Answer 20

Unlike other elements, transition metals always lose all their s electrons before losing any d electrons